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Yuanshi Bu - Chinese Civil Code - The General Part -

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Yuanshi Bu

Chinese Civil Code - The General Part -

Series: Beck International

Volume 2021

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II. Form Requirement S. 106-107

„… manifestation of an internal will of a civil subject to effect a certain legal result.3 II. Form Requirement 1 …”

I. General Requirements on Validity S. 112

„… Requirements on Validity 1. Comparison between art. 143 GRCL and art. 55 GPCL 1 Art. 143 GRCL stipulates three …” „… general requirements imposed on the validity of a juristic act, namely civil capacity corresponding to the …” „… NPC/SCNPC and administrative regulations. In addition, the former requirement of “nor violation of social …”

III. Form S. 103-104

„… transfer of rural leasehold etc.35 2. Requirement on Formation or Validity 21As art. 135 GRCL does not set …” „… out the effect of the failure to satisfy the form requirement, presumably deliberately, it becomes …” „… deemed not formed if the form requirement is not yet met.37 This interpretation may also be applied to …”

V. Interpretation S. 110-112

„… withdrawal is possible. The withdrawal is not subject to form requirements even if the declaration of …” „… Requirements on Validity 1. Comparison between art. 143 GRCL and art. 55 GPCL 1 Art. 143 GRCL stipulates three …” „… general requirements imposed on the validity of a juristic act, namely civil capacity corresponding to the …”

IV. Formation and Effectiveness S. 104-105

„… the form requirement has not been satisfied, such that a declaration of intention is void if this …” „… is in place. 24 In this context it is important to note that the form requirements do not constitute …” „… when the form requirement serves a warning function or the function of maintaining the publicity of …”

II. Grounds for Invalidity S. 112-123

„… Requirements on Validity 1. Comparison between art. 143 GRCL and art. 55 GPCL 1 Art. 143 GRCL stipulates three …” „… general requirements imposed on the validity of a juristic act, namely civil capacity corresponding to the …” „… NPC/SCNPC and administrative regulations. In addition, the former requirement of “nor violation of social …”

II. Prerequisites S. 158-160

„… Art. 171 GRCL does not explicitly mention the form requirement on ratification. Some scholars assume …” „… subject to the same form requirement as the act to be ratified.26 18 Chi Ying, TULJ 2017/3, 122. 19 …” „… , holds no form requirement applies even the representated act is subject to a certain form requirement …”

III. Ratification S. 160-162

„… ratification. 1. Manner of Ratification 13 Art. 171 GRCL does not explicitly mention the form requirement on …” „… principle subject to the same form requirement as the act to be ratified.26 18 Chi Ying, TULJ 2017/3, 122 …” „… : Li Yu, 810, holds no form requirement applies even the representated act is subject to a certain form …”

V. Juristic Act and Declaration of Intention S. 105-106

„… requirement serves a warning function or the function of maintaining the publicity of legal relationship.47 V …” „… over the lawfulness requirement and has given rise to the concept of “civil act”.48 However, the …” „… subject to effect a certain legal result.3 II. Form Requirement 1. Freedom of Form 2 A declaration of …”

II. Types S. 102-103

„… agreements on the transfer of rural leasehold etc.35 2. Requirement on Formation or Validity 21As art. 135 …” „… GRCL does not set out the effect of the failure to satisfy the form requirement, presumably …” „… this provision, a contract is deemed not formed if the form requirement is not yet met.37 This …”

I. Evolution History S. 99-102

„… requirements of art. 55 GPCL is a “civil juristic act”, while an unlawful act includes void and avoidable acts …” „… illegal or avoidable. 7 With this definition, the dispute on the requirement of lawfulness since 1990s has …” „… officially been put to an end.9 In the drafting process, a consensus was reached to cancel this requirement …”

IV. Elements of Agency S. 149-152

„… instance, through public announcement. The question of whether a special form requirement on the …” „… orally pursuant to artt. 135 and 165 GRCL. Less clear is the issue whether the written form requirement …” „… approach in German law and impose the written form requirement on the authorization of the agent, if the …”

III. Types of Agency S. 144-149

„… instance, through public announcement. The question of whether a special form requirement on the …” „… orally pursuant to artt. 135 and 165 GRCL. Less clear is the issue whether the written form requirement …” „… approach in German law and impose the written form requirement on the authorization of the agent, if the …”

II. Claims not Subject to Limitation S. 224-226

„… for dropping the requirement of registration is that many houses in the countryside have not yet been …” „… understanding is consistent with the requirement of legal certainty. 51 The answer given by Guo Mingrui, Henan …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXII

„… ................................................................................................ ............................................. 103 2. Requirement on Formation or Validity …” „… ................................................................................................ .................................................................. 106 II. Form Requirement …” „… ................................................................................................ ...................... 112 I. General Requirements on Validity …”

II. Rights in Things S. 87-92

„… requirement, and selling it afterwards for a higher price to commercial real estate developers, which …” „… frequently lacks the public interest requirement.53 31b) Procedure. Currently, the procedure of expropriation …”

II. Establishment S. 78

„… treated as illegal organization.12 The registration requirement is criticized because it creates a hurdle …”

III. Liability S. 78

„… treated as illegal organization.12 The registration requirement is criticized because it creates a hurdle …”

I. Term S. 106

„… manifestation of an internal will of a civil subject to effect a certain legal result.3 II. Form Requirement 1 …”

IV. Representation S. 78-79

„… treated as illegal organization.12 The registration requirement is criticized because it creates a hurdle …”

IV. Grounds for Avoidance S. 126-132

„… ) Illegality. The illegality requirement is met if either the means or the purpose is illegal or the …” „… order to force him to make a contract.174 dd) Causation. The causation requirement refers to the causal …”

V. Duty and Liability of the Agent S. 152-158

„… about it, this generally will be construed as rejection.81 Only when the requirements of art. 140 par. 2 …” „… requirements on the appointment of a sub-agent are too strict.86 With respect to implied ratification, art. 5 …”

VII. Innovations in the GRCL S. 13-14

„… , maintain the social and economic order, meet the requirements of the development of socialism with Chinese …”

IV. Withdrawal S. 109-110

„… . The withdrawal is not subject to form requirements even if the declaration of intention to be …”

I. Overview S. 77-78

„… organization without registration is normally treated as illegal organization.12 The registration requirement …”

VI. Reinterpretation and Confirmation of Void Juristic Act S. 139-140

„… subsequent is at stake, the juristic act is definitely valid.4 If a statutory requirement or a past event is …”

V. Good Faith S. 18-19

„… provision. Liang Huixing suggests deleting the legality requirement, because public order is a gap-filling …”

IV. Exceptions and Use of Seal S. 173-174

„… whether requirements for good faith are equal. Generally speaking, the standard of good 67 Loan Disputes …”

VIII. Rural Contracting Households S. 46-48

„… requirements regarding accounting as well as the fiscal treatment of profits as personal income, meaning that …”

III. Necessity S. 215-217

„… further requirement is added by a scholar to demand the danger not being caused by the person invoking …”

I. Conditions S. 140-142

„… condition subsequent is at stake, the juristic act is definitely valid.4 If a statutory requirement or a …”

V. Legal Consequence S. 174-176

„… ). As to the first point, it is questionable whether requirements for good faith are equal. Generally …”

IV. Non-Profit Legal Person S. 65-74

„… of Social Organizations is the requirement to put the duty to support the construction work for the …” „… establishment. Religious activities sites that satisfy the requirements of a legal person may also apply for the …”

VI. Legality, Public Order and Morals S. 19-21

„… provision. Liang Huixing suggests deleting the legality requirement, because public order is a gap-filling …”

VII. Individual Traders S. 44-46

„… following advantages:102 easy establishment without minimum capital, lower requirements regarding accounting …”

I. Overview S. 14-16

„… civil subjects, regulate civil relations, maintain the social and economic order, meet the requirements …”

II. Ability of Tort Liability S. 34-36

„… imposition of higher requirements on the recognition ability in terms of lawful act as compared to unlawful …”

V. Other Enumerated Rights S. 96-99

„… unlawful civil acts. A lawful civil act that meets the requirements of art. 55 GPCL is a “civil juristic …”

I. Doctrinal Basis and Categories of Legal Persons S. 48-51

„… by the decision of the establishment itself, if the registration requirement is exempted. Some public …”

V. Special Legal Person S. 74-77

„… fail to meet the requirements to be legal persons. In theory, it is common sense that government organs …”

V. Good Samaritan Law S. 195-199

„… GRCL is needed to encourage people to give assistance in urgent situations, for the requirement on duty …”

IV. Compensation S. 207-211

„… this is that on the one hand, the plaintiff seldom meets the requirements for the definiteness of the …”

Index S. 259-264

„… Requirements on Validity 11 1–2 – Grounds for Avoidance 11 70-103 – Coercion (胁迫) 11 97–99 – by a third party …”

IV. Custody and Custodian S. 37-42

„… Opinions on the GPCL imposes the requirement on the health, economic conditions and (personal) connection …”

III. For-Profit Legal Person S. 60-65

„… Due to the for-profit requirement, it is hard to classify social enterprises in the current legal …”

II. Elements S. 166-171

„… particular, to check the compliance of the resolution with the quorum requirement, if such a quorum is …”

V. Effects of Nullity and Avoidance S. 132-139

„… , such as failure to satisfy the form requirement, the computation standard of the value of the …”

II. General Part S. 51-60

„… establishment itself, if the registration requirement is exempted. Some public service units, official …”

Bibliography S. 233-253

„… Requirements of Agent by Estoppel in Person (表见代理本人归责性要件的反思与重构), Science of Law (法律科学) 2016/1, 72–80. Ran …”

doi.org/10.17104/9783406779299

Günther Luz, Werner Neus, Mathias Schaber, Peter Schneider, Claus-Peter Wagner, Max Weber - CRR visuell

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Günther Luz (ed.), Werner Neus (ed.), Mathias Schaber (ed.), Peter Schneider (ed.), Claus-Peter Wagner (ed.), Max Weber (ed.)

CRR visuell

2020

Results in this title

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… (Hrsg.) CRR visuell Die EU-Vorschriften der Capital Requirements Regulation 3. Auflage …” „… EU-Vorschriften der Capital Requirements Regulation 3., überarbeitete Auflage Datei:20370-0003 …” „… Fassung der Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR) aus dem Jahr 2013 war von vornherein lediglich als ein …”

Einführung S. 17-30

„… Vorgeschichte Das CRD-IV-Paket, bestehend aus der CRD IV (Capital Requirements Directive, RL 2013/36/EU vom …” „… 26.06.2013) sowie der CRR (Capital Requirements Regulation, VO (EU) 575/2013 vom 26.06.2013), brachte in der …” „… Requirements Directive, geändert durch die Richtlinie (EU) 2019/878 vom 20.05.2019 (CRD V), der Bank Recovery …”

Anhänge S. 341-499

„… Begriffsbestimmungen nach Art. 4 CRR Anhang 2: Inhaltsverzeichnis der Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR) Anhang 3 …” „… __Luz__CRR_visuell__[Druck-PDF]/Version: 20.04.20 - 11:22/Seite:362 Anhang 2: Inhaltsverzeichnis der Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR …” „… Ergänzungskapitals 66-70 Anhang 2: Inhaltsverzeichnis der Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR) Anhang 2 …”

7 Offenlegung S. 311-340

„… Pillar 3 disclosure requirements umgesetzt, um die Vergleichbarkeit, Qualität und Kohärenz der …”

2 Eigenmittel und berücksichtigungsfähige Verbindlichkeiten S. 51-78

„… MREL-Kennziffer – Minimum Requirement for own fund eligible liabilities – nach der Verordnung in Bezug auf die …”

3 Eigenmittelanforderungen S. 79-200

„… of an institution with the requirements to use the IRB Approach in accordance with Articles 144(2 …”

doi.org/10.34156/9783791043173

Wolfgang Weiß - WTO Law and Domestic Regulation

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Wolfgang Weiß

WTO Law and Domestic Regulation

Series: Beck International

Volume 2021

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F. Recognition and Equivalency Requirements S. 343-353

„… F. Recognition and Equivalency RequirementsI. Mutual Recognition and Domestic Regulatory Autonomy …” „… ), GATS and the Regulation of InternationalTrade in Services (2008), 407 at 418: “soft requirement”.F …” „… affords anopportunity for critically assessing domestic regulatory requirements.125 Beyond this formal …”

D. Rationality Requirement: Risk Assessment under the SPS Agreement S. 312-339

„… D. Rationality Requirement: Risk Assessmentunder the SPS Agreement57 This section will first survey …” „… the legal requirements of Article 5 SPS Agreement for aWTO member’s risk assessment and for the …” „… basis for the SPS measure”.1 The concrete requirements for a SPS riskassessment are elaborated in detail …”

B. The Need for and the Basic Structures of International Rationality Requirements and Regulatory Concepts S. 289-296

„… non-discrimination requirement,but to a rationality standard which directly impacts on the content of domestic …” „… B. The Need for and the Basic Structures of International RationalityRequirements and Regulatory …” „… requirements have a harmonizingeffect as they stipulate the same requirements to be met by heterogeneous …”

H. Conclusion S. 371-377

„… rationality requirements,also the harmonisation of procedures has the capacity to restrict national …” „… connection with the rationality requirement ofscientific risk assessment in Article 5 SPS Agreement, have the …” „… international standards. The requirements of a sound risk assessmentstipulated by Article 5 SPS Agreement as …”

A. Restraining Regulatory Autonomy: Harmonisation, Standardisation, and Mutual Recognition S. 285-289

„… , RECOGNITION REQUIREMENTS,AND HARMONISATIONA. Restraining Regulatory Autonomy: Harmonisation,Standardisation …” „… (see infra E.) and explicit or implicit recognition requirements(see infra F.) as well lead to …” „… , internationalstandardization and recognition requirements.2Using common rules or standards internationally agreed-upon as …”

C. Harmonisation from the outside: International Standards under the TBT and the SPS Agreement S. 296-312

„… the requirements of Article 2.2 TBT Agreement (whereas the SPSpresumption in Article 3.2 SPS Agreement …” „… conformitywith their respective requirements applies irrespective of whether the internationalstandards …” „… domestic regulations andadjust them to the requirements of international standards each time one of …”

C. The Notion of Non-Discrimination S. 109-206

„… Imperative Requirements in the EU and the WTO’ in Barnard and Scott(eds), The Law of the Single European …” „… Labelling (COOL) Requirements.12 Hence, the formal concept of non-discrimination introduced here comprises …” „… with regard to the WTO’s legitimacy requirements because a trade instru-ment which subjects all …”

E. Conceptualising Exceptions Provisions S. 229-281

„… enshrined in exceptions,the standard of the necessity test and the requirements of the chapeaus. The …” „… the Cassis de Dijondoctrine which added new derogations (“mandatory requirements”) enlarged the …” „… requirements against adjudication in a world ofRecognition, Functional Equivalence and Harmonization in the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XIV

„… qualification requirements is a develop-ment that must be challenged from the perspective of domestic regulatory …” „… of the WTO’s Influence on Domestic Regulatory Autonomy:Standardisation, Recognition Requirements, and …” „… ................................................................................................ ............................................................... 285B. The Need for and the Basic Structures of International Rationality Requirements andRegulatory …”

E. Procedural Harmonisation S. 339-343

„… , Recognition Requirements, and Harmonisation342F. Recognition and Equivalency RequirementsI. Mutual Recognition …” „… referring tointernational standards or by introducing risk assessment requirements. WTO law alsoimpinges …” „… procedures to befollowed. Alternatively, rather substantive requirements enshrined in WTO rules maybe …”

G. Harmonization from within: WTO “secondary law” and soft law S. 353-371

„… domesticqualification requirements and procedures, technical standards and licensing require-ments do not constitute …” „… thedisciplines provided in Article VI:4 GATS introduce new requirements not yet part ofthe obligations enshrined …” „… . Standardisation, Recognition Requirements, and Harmonisation354155The second question raised above concerns their …”

C. The Specific Threats to Domestic Regulatory Autonomy in Regulating Trade in Services S. 29-39

„… discriminatory interventions11 that provide for requirements for thesupply of services. As a consequence, most …” „… require-ments for the contestability of markets in the services sector mainly depend on nationalregulation, the …” „… it isconnected with persons crossing the border: the requirements for entry and stay offoreigners …”

D. Market Access Rules S. 206-229

„… , monopolies, exclusive service suppliers or the requirement of an economicneeds test), the total value of …” „… non-discrimination requirement of ArticleIII:4 GATT (domestic tax measures do not fall under the ambit of Article XI …” „… inherently justified by theinterpretation of the “no less favourable treatment” requirement, applying a …”

C. Burden of Proof S. 395-410

„… impact the requirements for a party for discharging its burden of proof, and prompt theneed for the WTO …” „… the related requirement to thestandard of proof required for, for example, the scientific basis of a …” „… consistency with that rule, or establish the factsthat specify the presence of the requirements of a …”

D. Interpreting WTO Core Disciplines means Allocating Regulatory Jurisdiction among Trading Nations S. 39-46

„… further trade liberalization by putting through the requirements WTO coredisciplines and their restraints …” „… ofexporting WTO members by prescribing requirements for imports that have no impacton the physical or chemical …” „… Appellate Body, but the debate was not finallysettled even though the rather loose requirement of a …”

B. Benefits of Domestic Regulation and Regulatory Diversity S. 22-29

„… in order to tailor their rulesand requirements in order to enlarge business possibilities for their …” „… replaced by harmonized international regulation that centrally definesuniform standards, requirements and …” „… requirement for harvesting the benefits of compara-tive competitive advantages. The benefits of global trade …”

B. A Very Brief Account of Core Achievements of EU Law S. 51-61

„… good or the service/service provider isin conformity with the legal requirements stipulated by the …” „… traditional)GATT conceptions because under GATT law the requirement to justify domestic measures by recourse …” „… requirements in the homecountry, i.e. an obligation of mutual recognition applies again.14 See inter alia Craig …”

B. The Standard of Review in WTO Law S. 379-395

„… provisions even againstthe requirements of the necessity test easier and would work for the benefit of …” „… found in Article 11DSU. The requirement of an objective assessment addresses the objectivity of the …” „… discretionary assessments. The require-ment for an assessment to be objective does not tell anything about the …”

C. Caveat on Transferring Lessons from the EU: Differences between EU and WTO S. 61-75

„… againstcomparable foreign standards or requirements. Such judicial approaches would finallyamount to a mutual …” „… autonomy to definethe regulatory requirements relevant for trade in the domestic market almost un-touched …” „… . Lessons from the EU66lized rule-making harmonizes or even unifies product requirements and …”

E. Conclusion S. 46-49

„… foreign products. An obligation of mutual recognition of diver-gent domestic product requirements, for …” „… combinescentral harmonization of essential and basic issues and requirements with mutualrecognition of equivalence …” „… GATS, and by virtue of rationality, standardisation and recognition require-ments in the TBT and the …”

D. Non-WTO International Law in WTO Dispute Settlement S. 410-423

„… WTO obligations if meeting the specific requirements of the WTO excep-tion provisions, but could not …” „… . Andeven if not directly applied, the interpretation of requirements or exceptions of WTOlaw in the light …” „… of other international law might cause a relaxation of WTO require-ments.2 Considering other …”

F. Conclusion: Conceptualising Core Principles for the Benefit of Domestic Regulatory Autonomy, and Identifying the Determinants for the Impact of WTO Law S. 281-285

„… AUTONOMY:STANDARDISATION, RECOGNITION REQUIREMENTS,AND HARMONISATIONA. Restraining Regulatory Autonomy …” „… bejustified by recourse to the exceptions, due to the complex interpretation of thenecessity requirement and …” „… , internationalstandardization and recognition requirements.2Using common rules or standards internationally agreed-upon as …”

D. Conclusion: Consequences for the further Development of the WTO’s legal matrix S. 75-79

„… standardisation and rationality requirements – explores whether specificprovisions of WTO law could be read to …” „… rationalization requirements that have the capacity for reducing thedomestic regulatory independence particular …”

B. Interpretation and Application of WTO core rules and the “Finality” of the WTO S. 81-109

„… proposes aconsiderable deference to national concepts and stresses procedural requirements in …” „… Law86does not appear to have stipulated a general constitutive requirement always to enterinto …” „… different interests. Aconstitutional reading of WTO law must not lose sight of the basic requirement for …”

C. WTO Law Ambivalences with regard to Domestic Regulatory Autonomy S. 8-15

„… requirement is assessed. Hence, the idea of regulatory autonomyand heterogeneity is fundamental to WTO law.15 …” „… competences, the EU non-discrimination requirement, in theinterpretation given to it by the ECJ, bans any …” „… , rationality requirements andmutual recognition.28 The specific institutional setting and – compared to the EU …”

B. Globalisation’s Challenges to Domestic Regulatory Autonomy S. 4-8

„… regulatory requirements.4 And beyond economic terms,market integration was discovered to be a very important …” „… thenon-discrimination requirement is assessed. Hence, the idea of regulatory autonomyand heterogeneity is fundamental to …”

A. The Mission of this Book: Identifying the Determinants of the WTO’s Impact on Domestic Regulatory Autonomy S. 1-4

„… regulatory requirements.4 And beyond economic terms,market integration was discovered to be a very important …”

Bibliography S. 423-442

„… Requirements: Proportionality Reconsidered’(2008) Legal Issues of Economic Integration, 201.Prevost, Denise …” „… , Alan O., ‘Domestic Regulation, Sovereignty and Scientific Evidence Requirements’, inBermann and …”

doi.org/10.17104/9783406779343

Gordian N. Hasselblatt - Community Design Regulation

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Gordian N. Hasselblatt (ed.)

Community Design Regulation

Series: Beck International

Volume 2020

Results in this title

SECTION 1. Requirements for protection S. 29-168

„… 1 Requirements for protection Article 3 Definitions For the purposes of this Regulation: (a) ‘design …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1. ‘Design’ as a protection requirement …” „… the protection requirements for designs and consequently to 1 Green Paper (June 1991), III/F/3151/91 …”

Article 45. Examination as to formal requirements for filing S. 396-398

„… Examination as to formal requirements for filing 1. The Office shall examine whether the application complies …” „… with the requirements laid down in Article 36 (1) for the accordance of a date of filing. 2. The Office …” „… shall examine whether: (a) the application complies with the other requirements laid down in Article 36 …”

SECTION 1. Filing of applications and the conditions which govern them S. 346-376

„… (provided all mandatory requirements are met), see Sec. 2.7.1 of the EUIPO Guidelines for the Examination of …” „… the quality of the representation transmitted by fax is so deficient that the requirements of Art. 4 …” „… requirements according to Artt. 45 et seq. The examination report summarizes the noted irregularities and the …”

F. Index S. 1071-1092

„… requirementssee Mandatory requirements for application – optional elements 36 55 et seq. Artistic creativity 3 30 …” „… systems – autonomous character 8 75 – definition 8 74 Design protection – requirementssee Requirements for …” „… and joinder of parties 84 5 Additional mandatory requirements for application 36 22 et seq. – black …”

Annex 4. GUIDELINES FOR EXAMINATION OF REGISTERED COMMUNITY DESIGNS EUROPEAN UNION INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE (EUIPO) S. 962-1018

„… General requirements …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4 Examination of the Substantive Requirements …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5 Additional Requirements Regarding the Representation of the Design. . 26 5.1 Number of views …”

Article 50. Deferment of publication S. 406-411

„… Office a representation of the design. If the right holder fails to comply with these requirements, the …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2. Deficiencies relating to the ‘publication request requirements’ . . . . 21 3. Publication after …” „… specimens should be filed for each design, and the specimens should comply with the requirements on size …”

France S. 763-769

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Requirements for protection …” „… . Separate requirements for community design and copyright protection …” „… 12.10.2018 11:08:54 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm II. Requirements for protection 1. Novelty 3 …”

Article 46. Remediable deficiencies S. 399-401

„… . 2. If the deficiencies concern the requirements referred to in Article 36(1) and the applicant …” „… design. 3. If the deficiencies concern the requirements, including the payment of fees, as referred to in …” „… Office shall refuse the application. 4. If the deficiencies concern the requirements referred to in …”

Article 96. Relationship to other forms of protection under national law S. 617-641

„… Publishing 1985; Fischman Afori, The Role of the Non-Functionality Requirement in Design Law, 853–858, in …” „… if the requirements for copyright protection were fulfilled.5 2Favouring cumulative protection gives …” „… legal framework 9a) Revised Berne Convention. The only specific requirement in relation to designs can …”

Article 95. Parallel actions on the basis of Community designs and national design rights S. 606-616

„… also arise in case of an unregistered Community design, as the requirements under Art. 4 et seq. will …” „… other on a national design. 8 Both additional requirements thereby tailor the scope of application to …” „… holding that the case of double protection ‘would literally never comply with the requirement of ‘same …”

Germany S. 770-779

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1. General requirements …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 b) Procedural requirement – urgency …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 c) Procedural requirement – evidence and ex parte decision. . . . . . 23 d) Procedural requirement …”

SECTION 1. General provisions S. 654-661

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 II. General features of filing system and filing requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1 …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2. Formal requirements …” „… requirement, the central attack option and the transformation options. 2. Legal regime 7 The Hague Agreement …”

SECTION 4. Representation S. 512-522

„… , whereas Art. 78 sets out the requirements for professional representatives. The corresponding procedures …” „… requirement of Art. 77 (2). 8The same applies if a natural or legal person has a ‘real and effective …” „… conditional upon the requirement of special professional qualifications, persons applying to be entered on the …”

Article 1. Community design S. 5-24

„… legislation, unlike the old laws of some Member States, does not lay down any requirement of aesthetic merit …” „… requirements for design protection was provided by Artt. 25, 26 TRIPS, which are however not self-executing but …” „… , because the registration requirement is by no means limited to patents, but can also be found in other …”

SECTION 5. Invalidity S. 261-282

„… . Without providing specific reasons for the requirement to establish a legal interest, the BoA confirmed …” „… respect to the requirements under which a party is entitled to file an invalidity application. The only …” „… definition under Article 3(a); (b) if it does not fulfil the requirements of Articles 4 to 9; (c) if, by …”

Annex 1. DIRECTIVE 98/71/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL S. 919-925

„… of design and of the requirements as to novelty and individual character with which registered design …” „… which would not, in themselves, fulfil the requirements as to novelty and individual character; whereas …” „… consideration for the purpose of assessing whether other features of the design fulfil the requirements for …”

SECTION 2. Scope and term of protection S. 169-202

„… requirements would disqualify upfront any design which looks identically or almost similarly to one previously …” „… or functional requirements. For example it is a technical requirement for tires to be round and …” „… – although not solely dictated by technical function – a functional requirement to have some kind of a tread …”

A. Commentary S. 1-4

„… consideration for the purpose of assessing whether other features of the design fulfil the requirements for …” „… visible when the part is mounted, or which would not, in themselves, fulfil the requirements as to novelty …” „… of the design fulfil the requirements for protection. (13) Full-scale approximation of the laws of …”

Finland S. 756-762

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5. Requirement to provide a security and liability for unnecessary interim relief …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 6. Requirement to file main action …” „… provisional interim relief in effect. 5. Requirement to provide a security and liability for unnecessary …”

Article 58. Interlocutory revision S. 453-454

„… the appellant’s rights, is possible with respect to both time limits, provided the requirements …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Requirements …” „… . Requirements 3 Interlocutory revision is only available in proceedings that involve just one party, such as the …”

SECTION 2. Priority S. 377-395

„… ’ -requirement with respect to multiple applications (s. Art. 37 mn. 2 et seq.).3 Like the indication of products …” „… and in light of the ‘unity of class’ requirement according to Art. 37 (1), multipurpose products …” „… 240.00mm 3. Regular national filing 7To meet the requirements imposed on a previous application pursuant …”

Article 51. Surrender S. 412-418

„… requirements for protection and the identity of the design is retained. 4. Surrender shall be registered only …” „… . Deficiencies 10 Pursuant to Art. 27 (4) CDIR if the requirements governing surrender are not fulfilled, the …” „… (1) second sentence CDR); the requirements 2 Ruhl, Gemeinschaftsgeschmacksmuster (2. edition), Art …”

Article 32. Licensing S. 325-337

„… the registration and the representation requirement, the above remarks apply mutatis mutandis.49 34A …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 d) Consequences of non-fulfilment of the requirements by the licensee …” „… of the provision of Art. 32 (3), second sentence, does not indicate the requirements which the …”

SECTION 2. International registrations designating the community S. 662-668

„… . Application procedure at WIPO 3The filing requirements at WIPO follow from the Geneva Act and the Common …” „… Registration conveys upon its owner the same right as an application for a RCD. This is the minimum requirement …” „… Since WIPO is solely responsible for examining formal requirements regarding the international …”

Annex 2. Commission Regulation (EC) No 2245/2002 S. 926-956

„… or in colour. It shall meet the following requirements: (a) save where the application is filed by …” „… declaration of priority. Article 10 Examination of requirements for a filing date and of formal requirements 1 …” „… where, although a date of filing has been granted, the examination reveals that: (a) the requirements …”

Article 28. Transfer of the registered Community design S. 289-300

„… . Requirements for the registration of transfer of the CD Art. 28 (a), (d) CDR …” „… course of which the act was done or the preparations were made (see Art. 22 (4) CDR). B. Requirements for …” „… an CD may be the subject of a transfer. The same requirements for the registration of the transfer of …”

Article 53. Examination of the application S. 428-440

„… requirements which must be met for this provision to have effect: The application – must relate to the same …” „… .34 59 When the parties are identical – and that is an absolute requirement35 – in terms of the legal …” „… ground of invalidity is admissible if the requirements regarding admissibility are satisfied for at least …”

Article 52. Application for a declaration of invalidity S. 419-427

„… requirements of the CDR, of the CDIR and the CDFR are applied by the Invalidity Division. The …” „… is that there is no locus standi-requirement for an applicant for a declaration of invalidity, this …” „… ) CDR (s. Art. 25 (1)(a) CDR) or that it does not fulfil the requirements of Art. 6 CDR by not having …”

SECTION 2. Procedures S. 650-653

„… examination as to formal requirements, examination as to grounds for refusal of registration and invalidity …” „… the application for a RCD complies with the formal requirements. If there are formal deficiencies …” „… , infringement of an essential procedural requirement, infringement of the treaties of the EU or of any rule of …”

Article 48. Registration S. 403

„… proceed. Article 48 Registration If the requirements that an application for a registered Community design …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 I. General considerations 1The examiner checks the absolute ground requirements and the …”

Article 57. Time limit and form of appeal S. 449-452

„… . 57 CDR corresponds to Art. 68 EUTMR and sets out the formal requirements for an appeal. A notice of …” „… decision a statement of grounds must be filed. More detailed provisions regarding the formal requirements …” „… optional but recommended because it ensures that the appeal complies with the formal requirements. 2 …”

Article 29. Rights in rem on a registered Community design S. 301-310

„… requirements of such registration that are similar to those relating to the registration of the transfer of an …” „… by the Office.33 27As far as the supporting documentation is concerned, the formal requirements of …” „… requirements are met.42 The Office will in particular check whether the application is duly signed and whether …”

Annex 5. GUIDELINES FOR EXAMINATION OF REGISTERED COMMUNITY DESIGNS EUROPEAN UNION INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE (EUIPO) REGISTERED COMMUNITY DESIGNS S. 1019-1052

„… purpose of these Guidelines is to explain how, in practice, the requirements of the Community Design …” „… An application based on more than one ground of invalidity is admissible if the requirements …” „… include the amended form. The amended form must comply with the requirements for protection, and the …”

Article 61. Actions before the Court of Justice S. 461-467

„… procedural requirement, infringement of the Treaty, of this Regulation or of any rule of law relating to …” „… manifest procedural requirement, which adversely affected the interests of the appellant, i. e. a breach of …” „… breach of a manifest procedural requirement or an infringement of EU law. 29 According to Art. 170 (1) of …”

SECTION 2. Disputes concerning the infringement and validity of Community designs S. 531-599

„… for strict requirements to have access to it. Article 81 Jurisdiction over infringement and validity …” „… involving Community designs, subject to meeting the requirements set forth by Artt. 73 et seqq. of the …” „… Community designs.5 9 The requirements that must be met for bringing any of the actions contemplated in Art …”

Spain S. 897-903

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 b) Requirements …” „… , even when if the actions of said intermediaries do not constitute an infringement. 12 b) Requirements …” „… not to grant the injunction, ordinarily (safe when the requirements mentioned in p. 15 above for ex …”

Denmark S. 743-750

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 a) Requirements as to an application for injunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 b …” „… ) Requirements as to an application for injunction. An application for a prohibitory or mandatory injunction must …” „… 240.00mm 28It is not necessary to show irreparable harm as a requirement for an injunction. 29The burden …”

Latvia S. 813-820

„… . Ex-parte decisions are rare and are subject to special requirements set by the law,9 in particular, it is …” „… requirement and decide in favour of ex-parte proceedings even in the urgency requirement is not met, but on …”

Slovakia S. 880-887

„… does not contain any legal requirements related to the letter before action, the content of the letter …” „… by a civil action12, which apart from the prescribed formal requirements shall contain the …” „… requirements it is delivered to the other parties for their statement. If the defendant fails to submit the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXIV

„… innovation. Indeed, the requirements for cooperation and convergence go well beyond the borders of the EU …” „… ........................................................................................................................ 25 TITLE II THE LAW RELATING TO DESIGNS SECTION 1 Requirements for protection …” „… ................................................................................................................ 29 Article 4 Requirements for protection …”

SECTION 4. Effects of the Community design S. 211-260

„… publication has not taken place and the other requirements provided for in Art. 50 (4) are not fulfilled. II …” „… EUIPO is to examine only whether an application complies with the formal requirements for filing, if it …” „… to compliance with the requirements for protection prior to registration,7 and which, unlike the …”

Belgium S. 706-714

„… legal requirement to do so. 13In urgent cases, the claimant may perfectly well sue without a prior cease …” „… transport, but the owner of the goods is not yet identified. 29Apart from the urgency requirement, when …” „… and the damage. If these three requirements are met, the complainant will obtain compensation for the …”

Sweden S. 904-908

„… difference between the requirements for design and copyright protection is the requirement of novelty and …”

Lithuania S. 821-831

„… requirements for the cease & desist letter as they are not regulated nor by CCP, neither by LDL.7 27 In …” „… representative (see mn. 22–24 above). Such requirement is based not only on the list of the acceptable …” „… representative, but also on the requirement that all the documents filed with court must be in Lithuanian of with …”

B. Measures under Enforcement Directive 2004/48/EC of 29 April 2004 S. 689-698

„… tantamount to a requirement of judicial decree. The enforcement of such claims for information in preliminary …” „… individual case and taking due account of the requirements arising from the principle of proportionality, the …” „… mandatory requirement of the Directive. Moreover, it is unclear, too, whether any and all of these …”

Cyprus S. 730-735

„… ’ that the plaintiff is entitled to a relief; The threshold to be satisfied under this requirement is not …” „… might otherwise be destroyed or concealed by the infringer. The requirements for the grant of search …”

Portugal S. 867-871

„… the ‘enforcement’ law, judges decided a preliminary injunction based on a set of requirements that …” „… the necessary ‘irreparable harm’ requirement. On the other hand, if the IP owner did not prove the …”

Poland S. 857-866

„… practice this requirement is usually fulfilled by attaching to a statement of claim a previously sent cease …” „… particular to remove the evidence of infringement. 7There are no formal requirements as to the claims pursued …” „… changes in the summary proceedings, e. g. the requirement to furnish evidence of plausibility of existence …”

Article 27. Dealing with Community designs as national design rights S. 283-288

„… formalities must be fulfilled, respectively which requirements on the substance of such common agreement must …” „… requirements of the applicable national law are met.23 26 b) Registered Community designs. In the case of joint …”

Article 30. Levy of execution S. 311-316

„… clarifies the formalities and substantial requirements of such registration that are similar to those …” „… levy of execution as well as the specific requirements depending on the person who submits the …”

Article 47. Grounds for non-registrability S. 402

„… formal requirements for filing under Art. 45 (1) CDR, the examiner may notice that the RCD application …”

Article 33. Effects vis-a`-vis third parties S. 338-343

„… examines the requirements of the application and notifies the applicant of the deficiencies by setting a …” „… act is effective, subject to the compliance with the requirements of the particular legal act.9 The …”

Ireland S. 796-802

„… and often the more draconian demands are dropped if the core requirements are given, in order to avoid …” „… damages to the defendant for having had its activity prohibited. This undertaking requirement has a …”

SECTION 1. General provisions S. 468-495

„… procedural requirement and is distinct from the question of whether the reasons given are correct. Thus, the …” „… .20 III. Right to be heard 11 It is a further requirement that decisions of the Office are to be based …” „… CTMIR2 were amended to dispense with such requirements. A decision of the President (now executive …”

United Kingdom S. 909-918

„… is not a strict legal requirement, the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR), which govern the conduct of civil …” „… ethical requirements (the duty of so-called ‘full and frank disclosure’) and such injunctions are …”

Hungary S. 787-795

„… would not meet the requirement of “proportionality”. 19 Requests for seizure of the alleged infringing …” „… 240.00mm consequences, and therefore the requirement of “proportionality” has not been met.17 We believe …”

Article 108. Rules of procedure of the Boards of Appeal S. 671-672

„… concentration can be seen as a safeguard to enhance uniform interpretation of the requirements governing the …”

Article 31. Insolvency proceedings S. 317-324

„… cancellation or modification of the registration of a levy of execution and the representation requirement, the …” „… ), Art. 31 (3); Art. 69 (3)(k) CDIR. Art. 24 CDIR clarifies the formalities and substantial requirements …”

Article 54. Participation in the proceedings of the alleged infringer S. 441-444

„… Consequently, the request is examined if it meets the requirements of an application for invalidity – s. Artt …”

Article 2. Office S. 25-28

„… Saarland (Germany), only Gibraltar fulfils these requirements today.147 78The territorial reach of the …”

SECTION 3. Other disputes concerning Community Design S. 600-605

„… – the proprietor of the right therefore has to concretely plead on the requirements for protection as an …”

Bulgaria S. 715-721

„… involved. In some of the cases the infringers prolong the proceedings based on formal requirements and …”

Malta S. 843-848

„… will not delve into material requirements of CD protection, scope of protection etc., since these are …”

Austria S. 699-705

„… Community right holder has to be evaluated based on the general requirements. 16The MuSchG provides for an …”

Czech Republic S. 736-742

„… request contains all argumentation, evidence and formal requirements. The decision of the court is made ex …”

Romania S. 872-879

„… . 16 In respect to the urgency, there is no specific requirement for defining any timeperiod. As an …”

SECTION 1. Jurisdiction and enforcement S. 523-530

„… least one of the parties to the agreement to have a domicile in a Member State. The domicile requirement …”

Luxembourg S. 832-842

„… President specifically for every authorized person and can be subject to specific requirements set by the …”

SECTION 3. Informing the public and the official authorities of the Member States S. 500-511

„… requirements under Art. 15, i. e. payment of publication fees and time limits for such payment, are satisfied …”

doi.org/10.17104/9783406759086

Bernd Waas, Effrosyni Bakirtzi, Elena Gramano - Restatement of Labour Law in Europe Volume III: Dismissal Protection

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Bernd Waas (ed.), Effrosyni Bakirtzi (ed.), Elena Gramano (ed.)

Restatement of Labour Law in Europe Volume III: Dismissal Protection

Series: Beck International

Volume 2022

Results in this title

E. Formal and Procedural Requirements S. 32-36

„… RequirementsGramano 33interview, the employer must explain the reasons for the intended dismissal and give theemployee …” „… RequirementsGramano 35for the termination to be valid. In Turkey, no specific procedure exists for …” „… workers’ representatives. It isdescribed below under Section G.E. Formal and Procedural Requirements177 …”

§ 24. Norway S. 858-896

„… ........................................................................................ 78E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… require-ments for the parties to the employment contract. The employment relationship(ansettelsesavtale) may be …” „… during thesecond half of the twentieth century.10 Norway complies with the requirements of ILOConvention …”

§ 11. Germany S. 429-465

„… Constitution Act), this readily constitutes an ‘urgent operational requirement’within the meaning of section …” „… . Formal and Procedural Requirements................................................................ 40F …” „… with these requirements.62 Although the EU has responsibility according to Article 153(d) TFEU for the …”

§ 8. Estonia S. 348-370

„… .......................................................................... 47E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… requirements, material requirements (justificationfor dismissal), period of notice, consequences in case the …” „… with the requirements of the law, but it still violates‘good faith’ (Treu und Glauben). This option is …”

§ 32. Spain S. 1185-1216

„… ........................................................................................ 59E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… obligation to bargainbut not to agree.4 The rules on dismissal comply with worker protection requirements …” „… senior managers. In those cases, the employment relationship can beterminated without a legal requirement …”

D. Possible Reasons for Dismissal S. 15-32

„… requirements for thefunctioning of the enterprise, and that would not be used by a normal and …” „… the termination and that the procedural requirements have been fullymet. In Portugal, the dismissal of …” „… moment he/she learns about the misconduct. This requirement cannot be classified as a mereprocedural one …”

§ 15. Ireland S. 539-565

„… governed by an intention to evade the legislative requirements.In Hooper v Mary Immaculate College UD …” „… ........................................................................................ 73E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… Relations Commis-sion (WRC). Private sector employees who do not satisfy the service requirements of …”

§ 31. Slovenia S. 1148-1185

„… .................................................................................... 55E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… with his/her capacity or conduct or due to the undertaking’s operational requirements, establish-ment …” „… basic requirement of ILO Convention Number 158 and itscorresponding Recommendation as well as the …”

§ 17. Latvia S. 622-653

„… decision in Riežniece.102E. Formal and Procedural RequirementsI. Pre-dismissal Meeting/Hearing59 One of the …” „… Requirements................................................................ 59I. Pre-dismissal Meeting/Hearing …” „… Breach of Formal or ProceduralRequirements …”

§ 14. Iceland S. 523-539

„… ........................................................................................ 39E. Formal and procedural requirements …” „… relationship may be terminatedwithout observing a notice period. The general requirement is the existence of …” „… are otherwise no formal requirements for issuing suchwarnings.22 The warning must be issued shortly …”

§ 28. Russia S. 1014-1070

„… ....................................................................................... 94E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… law is generally in line with the require-ments of Convention 1586 concerning the valid reasons for …” „… legislation.85 The situation seems to be much more problematic as regards notice period require-ments …”

§ 18. Lithuania S. 653-697

„… employees in the form of procedural requirements(longer notice periods for employees of pre-pensionable age …” „… Procedural Requirements................................................................ 99F. Notice Periods …” „… addition, it examines the procedural requirements andeffects of dismissal, the enforcement of the rules on …”

§ 25. Poland S. 896-940

„… RequirementsI. Pre‐dismissal Meeting/Hearing75 There is no statutory requirement for a pre-dismissal meeting or …” „… ................................................................................................ ........ 58b) Requirement of a warning.................................................................. 613 …” „… collective bargaining and workers’ representatives ........ 72E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …”

§ 12. Greece S. 465-492

„… employment contract must respectcertain formal or procedural requirements.I. Formal Requirements64 A notice …” „… Requirements................................................................ 63I. Formal Requirements …” „… ..................................................................................... 64II. Procedural Requirements …”

§ 20. Malta S. 739-757

„… .................................................................................... 261. Requirement of a Warning …” „… Requirements................................................................ 53F. Notice Periods …” „… . Requirement of a Warning27 Issuing a warning is not required by the EIRA. In fact, labour law in Malta makes …”

A. Introduction and Basic Taxonomy S. 2-3

„… Procedural Requirements................................................................ 177I. Pre-dismissal …” „… collective redundancies). It analyses all formaland procedural requirements that must be respected when …” „… em-ployer.– Unlawful dismissal: a dismissal that does not meet the requirements and conditionsset forth by …”

§ 22. Netherlands S. 780-819

„… . Formal and Procedural Requirements................................................................ 91F …” „… basic feature of the Netherlands’ system of dismissal law hasbeen the requirement for the grounds for …” „… employee needed a permit issued by the government to resign. This requirement wasoriginally inspired by the …”

K. Courts and Other Proceedings S. 60-63

„… as the require-ments continue to be met. Even if a court declares the dismissal unfair due to a …” „… days.348 In Norway, if the formal requirements related to the notice of termination are notmet, or if …” „… ........................................................................... 43E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …”

§ 7. Denmark S. 275-348

„… ........................................................................................ 90E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… ruling, as long asthe requirement was known prior to the conclusion of the employment contract. TheECtHR …” „… can take the shape of procedural requirements, qualitativerequirements as regards the reason for …”

§ 3. Bulgaria S. 136-174

„… ..................................................................... 72E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… .57 The changed requirements may be envisaged in astatutory act or in the job description adopted …” „… addition to education, professional qualifica-tions can also be determined by other requirements (for …”

C. Scope of Dismissal Protection S. 13-15

„… of continuousservice with the employer who dismissed them.70 This service requirement, however, does …” „… requirement in cases in which the employee claims thats/he has been discriminatorily dismissed. Nor does any …” „… service requirement apply if theemployee claims that s/he has been wrongfully dismissed.72 In Cyprus, for …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXIV

„… exceedsthe threshold set by law.E. Formal and Procedural RequirementsIn most cases, there is a requirement …” „… ................................................................................................ ............ 15E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… changing market requirements). In most cases, the relevantreasons are defined or specified in the law or in …”

§ 6. Czech Republic S. 243-275

„… .................................................................................... 63E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… certificate issued (d) and (e); employee’sfailure to meet the requirements and qualifications required for the …” „… redundancy, incapacity for work for medical reasons, or for failureto meet the job-related requirements and …”

§ 26. Portugal S. 940-974

„… Procedural Requirements................................................................ 58I. Disciplinary …” „… elimination of the employer’s requirement to followspecific criteria (seniority-based) when selecting …” „… seniority in the enterprise.17Secondly, Law No 23/2012 eliminated the former requirement of the employer to …”

§ 13. Hungary S. 492-523

„… .................................................................................... 49E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… dismissal and specifies valid reasons for dismissal. Section 67contains the minimum requirements for an …” „… ‘full freedom’ of dismissal. The dismissal has substantialand formal requirements of validity. These …”

§ 16. Italy S. 565-622

„… , domestic workers and workers aged 60 years or older who meet old agepension requirements.III. Restrictions …” „… ..................................................................................... 132E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… Requirements for a Dismissal for Conduct-relatedReasons …”

§ 35. Turkey S. 1310-1356

„… .................................................................................... 84E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… acquis communautaire. Although providing dismissal protectionwas not a requirement for EU accession, the …” „… require-ment to give notice has not been observed, the employee must also be paid compensa-tion in lieu of …”

§ 27. Romania S. 974-1014

„… Independent of the Employee ....................... 80E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… probationperiod. Regardless whether the employer or employee initiated the termination, theprocedural requirements …” „… its end, termination is automatic without the requirement forthe employer to justify the termination …”

§ 34. Switzerland S. 1257-1310

„… RequirementsI. Pre-dismissal Hearing65The law does not require a pre‐dismissal hearing (or meeting) to be held …” „… .......................................................................... 59E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… require-ments of the undertaking, establishment or service.27 This approach is incompatiblewith Switzerland’s …”

§ 9. Finland S. 370-391

„… .................................................................................... 49E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… relevant Finnish collective agreement. The Labour Courtstated that although a requirement for applying the …” „… theemployer’s expectations which were not met. The requirements associated with legalterminations during the …”

J. Legal Consequences of Dismissal S. 51-60

„… the dismissal does not meetthese requirements.298This section focuses first on the legal consequences …” „… with the formaland procedural requirements, the employer has the right to reinstate the worker underthe …” „… as the require-ments continue to be met. Even if a court declares the dismissal unfair due to a …”

§ 19. Luxembourg S. 697-739

„… ........................................................................................ 69E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… requirements are met.14 The question of the constitutionality of a law can be brought before the …” „… goes beyond the requirements of directives, for example, as regards collectiveredundancies.19 The …”

§ 36. United Kingdom S. 1356-1392

„… .171E. Formal and Procedural RequirementsI. The Repealed Statutory Disciplinary and Dismissal Procedure …” „… ’ ................................................................ 112E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… legal requirement. Take the simplest and commonest offundamental breaches on an employer’s part, a …”

§ 33. Sweden S. 1216-1257

„… ........................................................................................ 62E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… courts, a requirement that has given significant room forcase law. This is particularly true in relation …” „… a few months, dependingon the complexity of the work tasks required.184 Formal requirements, such as …”

§ 23. North Macedonia S. 819-858

„… requirements(ie if the termination does not contain the necessary elements) it is deemed void.3914 Collective …” „… .................................................................................... 44E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… Kalamatiev/Ristovskiemployers, for example, are excluded from the obligation to set down specific require-ments for the …”

§ 1. Austria S. 63-94

„… ........................................................................... 43E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… terminated by observinga notice period without the need for just cause or the requirement to follow a …” „… Requirements49Prior to giving an employee notice, the employer must inform the works councilthereof, if a works …”

§ 30. Slovakia S. 1115-1148

„… for dismissal ................................................ 84E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… dismissal can be divided into:– economic reasons (operational requirements)– reasons related to the …” „… was elected or appointed to a managerial position, has ceasedto fulfil the necessary requirements …”

§ 2. Belgium S. 94-136

„… .......................................................................... 97E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… operational requirements of theundertaking, establishment or service.(2) The definition or interpretation of …” „… strict formal requirements and deadlines.66Dismissal for serious misconduct entails two stages; the time …”

G. Involvement of Specific Bodies S. 40-46

„… primary level (local) trade union organisation.Violations of this requirement may result in the dismissal …” „… legal requirements have been met.250In many countries, the involvement of workers’ representatives or of …”

§ 21. Montenegro S. 757-780

„… .................................................................................... 35E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… worker’s capacity or conduct orwith the operational requirements of the undertaking, establishment or …” „… end of themandate.52E. Formal and Procedural Requirements59The employer’s obligation to notify the …”

§ 5. Cyprus S. 205-243

„… and Procedural Requirements................................................................ 40F …” „… not justified regardlessof any statutory requirements and whether it is a procedural matter.’46 In the …” „… requirements of the business and not the opinion ofemployers or anyone else on that point’.47 The Supreme Court …”

§ 4. Croatia S. 174-205

„… .................................................................................... 28E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… . If during the probation period theemployee does not meet the requirements of the post, the employer …” „… ’);– Dismissal during the probation period due to incompetence (‘the employee did notmeet the requirements during …”

B. General Information S. 3-13

„… dismissal that does not meet the requirements and conditionsset forth by the law or, where applicable, other …” „… legal protection requirements, also in case of dismissal.This applies, first and foremost, to Council …”

§ 29. Serbia S. 1070-1115

„… .................................................................................... 46E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… remedy, should be submitted to the employee.Practice interprets this as a requirement to issue a written …” „… choice of supernumerary employees.The only requirement for the employer is to determine – and within the …”

§ 10. France S. 391-429

„… least 50 employees ............... 122Kessler 391E. Formal and Procedural Requirements …” „… represen-tatives in the company.E. Formal and Procedural Requirements125The dismissal procedure is a traditional …”

F. Notice Periods S. 36-40

„… agreed in writing or stipulated in a collective bargain-ing agreement, the minimum requirement is a …” „… thevolume of work; idling for more than 15 working days; and changes in the requirementsof the post, which …”

H. Special Dismissal Protection S. 46-51

„… provided in case the dismissal does not meetthese requirements.298This section focuses first on the legal …”

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