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Gordian N. Hasselblatt - Community Design Regulation

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Gordian N. Hasselblatt (ed.)

Community Design Regulation

Series: Beck International

Volume 2020

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E. Table of Cases S. 1053-1070

„… Reemers Publishing Services GmbH O:/Beck/Hasselblatt_978-3-406-71477-1/3d/TableofCases_CDR.3d from …” „… 12.10.2018 11:25:34 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm E. Table of cases Court of Justice of the …” „… Publishing Services GmbH O:/Beck/Hasselblatt_978-3-406-71477-1/3d/TableofCases_CDR.3d from 12.10.2018 …”

Bulgaria S. 715-721

„… the extent and the importance of the case. In some infringements/especially small cases/the purpose of …” „… number of infringement cases judges from Bulgarian courts have become more and more experienced strictly …” „… following the practice of the EU courts. 3The CD Enforcement cases are not so many in Bulgaria. Therefore …”

SECTION 1. Requirements for protection S. 29-168

„… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 b) Special case: ornamentation …” „… 14 b) Special case: ornamentation. In general, the term design refers to the appearance of the whole …” „… this kind can also exhibit a concrete reference to a product, for example in the case of designs of …”

SECTION 2. Scope and term of protection S. 169-202

„… sufficient reason for leaving the design without protection.35 The German case-law offers good examples for …” „… the difficulty of delineating cases of evident obscenity and vulgarity from cases of audacious …” „… within the meaning of Art. 9 CDR should not apply to the case of unfair competition acts or of any kind …”

Germany S. 770-779

„… cases, owners of Community Designs (CDs) notify infringers of the alleged infringement with a …” „… German courts would be competent, the form of the C&D letter has to follow German case law on C&D letters …” „… the infringer would have to face court proceedings in case of non-compliance.3 If the C&D letter is …”

Hungary S. 787-795

„… instruments for proceeding against infringers. On the other hand, in case an infringer does not voluntarily …” „… complexity of the actual case and the activity of the parties. 1 Hungarian Design Act. 2 Hungary adopted a …” „… Court case Nr. 3.P.25.026/2013/2. rendered in a trademark case, but the same applies to designs …”

SECTION 4. Effects of the Community design S. 211-260

„… rights separately, as is the case for copyright in many Member States. The legislators’ intention was to …” „… to cases where the contested use results from copying the protected design. According to Art. 19 (3 …” „… otherwise be illegal. This may be the case with respect to prohibitions or limitations resulting from, or on …”

Lithuania S. 821-831

„… enforcement practice 3The courts follow the case-law of CJ and the case law of The Supreme Court of Lithuania …” „… the number of design enforcement cases is very – only 1–2 cases per year, sometimes these cases are …” „… . Duration of proceedings 6 The duration of the proceedings in not limited by the law. Typically the case at …”

Portugal S. 867-871

„… jurisprudence. In fact, jurisprudence proved to be, in the majority of the cases, a helpful tool for the …” „… efficient, and provoke, in some cases, a faster settlement agreement even before the main proceedings take …” „… the kind of case we are facing. Normally c&d letters are avoided in cases where the ‘surprise effect …”

SECTION 1. Jurisdiction and enforcement S. 523-530

„… enforcement of judgments in specific matters contained in other Community instruments (such as, in this case …” „… avoid contradictory decisions on this case).2 5 As we will examine when commenting on Artt. 82 and 83 …” „… in this case (i. e. actions contemplated in Art. 81 CDR) the application of some other provisions of …”

B. Measures under Enforcement Directive 2004/48/EC of 29 April 2004 S. 689-698

„… procedural instruments that have to be made available in the case of infringements of intellectual property …” „… decisions (Art. 15). At the same time, under Art. 16, in cases of infringement of intellectual property …” „… commencement of proceedings. Also Art. 7 (1)(3) argues the case for the purpose of solely preserving, according …”

SECTION 5. Invalidity S. 261-282

„… cases in which weapons or equipment of the military or police are protected by a design right. As …” „… under registered design law. Cases in which it is mandatory for defence or security reasons to make use …” „… expect a decision handed down by the CJ in a specific case to be identical with a decision made by a CD …”

SECTION 2. Disputes concerning the infringement and validity of Community designs S. 531-599

„… would have jurisdiction ratione loci and ratione materiae in the case of proceedings relating to a …” „… case of CTMs) 32 Denmark, which was party to the Brussels Convention of 1968 but to which the Brussels …” „… the case of the United Kingdom and Gibraltar) the inclusion of those territories having special …”

The Netherlands S. 849-856

„… Netherlands. Remedies in cases concerning infringement of intellectual property rights, such as CD rights …” „… cases concerning CD rights, both in full proceedings and in summary proceedings. There are conflicting …” „… of 4 January 2017 the Amsterdam Appeal Court ruled that in such a case the CDR takes precedence as it …”

Article 96. Relationship to other forms of protection under national law S. 617-641

„… enforcement of the judgement, for instance – in case he is convicted to withdraw or demolish infringing goods …” „… Regulation of Copyright and Design Overlap After the Judgment of the Court in Case 168/09 (Flos v. Semeraro …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2. Protection for works based on CJ case law …”

Article 110. Transitional provision S. 677-683

„… constitutes a component part of a complex product . 8 IV. National case law on the ‘repair clause …” „… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 V. CJEU Acacia case …” „… case6. III. Design which constitutes a component part of a complex product 8Design, in order to fall …”

Italy S. 803-812

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b) Case management …” „… proceedings depend on the value of the matter. In design related cases often the value of the matter is …” „… indicated by the parties as being undeterminable. In such cases, the same court fees apply as for …”

Ireland S. 796-802

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 A. General remarks 1 Ireland has a tiered court system but cases involving trademarks and other IP …” „… these rights in Ireland where they have full effect.1 However, this is no longer the case since the …” „… high and costs for even a straightforward IP case are likely to be in the region of EUR 50,000 to EUR …”

Latvia S. 813-820

„… Law.2 Additionally, the courts tend to follow to the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European …” „… matters. There is very low average amount of cases involving RCDs, therefore, practically there is no …” „… infringement case is around 12 to 18 months for first court instance from submitting of the claim to delivering …”

United Kingdom S. 909-918

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 b) Case Management …” „… the effective Brexit date before the UK courts, and indeed cases ongoing before Community Design …” „… and in the High Court of around GBP 250,000 to GBP 500,000. Very complex cases with several contested …”

Finland S. 756-762

„… property enforcement. From having most, but not all, kinds of intellectual property cases heard by the …” „… cases are an exception to this, however, as they are still heard by the local District Court having …” „… that may be made. I. Costs 5 Costs for litigating a design rights infringement case can vary …”

Slovakia S. 880-887

„… common for the enforcement of all IP rights, is the limited amount of tried cases. The yearly average of …” „… unfair competition and IP infringement cases filed at the Slovak courts in the years 2014 and 2015 was …” „… stances of the case, such as the need for extensive evidence (see below mn. 27), or deficiencies caused by …”

Article 60. Decisions in respect of appeals S. 458-460

„… case fully at first instance. Article 60 Decisions in respect of appeals 1. Following the examination …” „… decision appealed against or remit the case to that department for further prosecution. 2. If the Board of …” „… Appeal remits the case for further prosecution to the department whose decision was appealed, that …”

Belgium S. 706-714

„… decisions will in most cases be valid in the three Benelux countries and the case law developed in one …” „… or before its president. The same costs will be incurred if the case is subsequently brought before …” „… proceedings on the merits within one month. 6The legal proceedings that are mostly used in case of a design …”

Article 61. Actions before the Court of Justice S. 461-467

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 VI. Language of a case …” „… rule in regard to Community Designs in the context of a preliminary reference procedure. In such cases …” „… , Markenschutzgesetz III (2017), p. 1471 et seq. 4 GC Case T-68/10 Sphere Time v OHIM ECLI:EU:T:2011:269 5 CJ Case C …”

Article 95. Parallel actions on the basis of Community designs and national design rights S. 606-616

„… also arise in case of an unregistered Community design, as the requirements under Art. 4 et seq. will …” „… situation may – depending on the respective national law – arise in case of an overlap between design law …” „… seeks to enforce his design right against a purported infringer. In this case, taking the wording of the …”

Estonia S. 751-755

„… summary and main proceedings 2The duration of an average industrial design infringement case in the first …” „… proceedings depends on the complexity of the case. Should the case proceed through all three court instances …” „… cases even more. II. Costs 3The costs of proceedings are not as high as in most European countries. For …”

Poland S. 857-866

„… instance to hear cases dealing with EU Trade Marks and Community Designs (hereinafter the Court …” „… and nullity of designs with approx. several dozen cases filed each year. Warsaw Court of Appeal …” „… qualifications. 2The jurisdiction over IP cases is due to change in the nearest future, as the Polish legal …”

SECTION 1. General provisions S. 468-495

„… reason, the case law applying to trade marks in this context is highly relevant. 2 In turn, the origin of …” „… the case law of an ordinary individual Board, although there is an obligation to follow and apply the …” „… principles established by the relevant case law from the General Court or the Court of Justice of the …”

Greece S. 780-786

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 A. General Remarks I. Introduction 1 It is a fact that overall very few cases relating to the …” „… protection of CD’s have been brought before Greek courts, thus, inevitably, relevant case-law is quite poor …” „… compared to that relating to CTM’s. Regardless of that, CD cases heard in Greek courts face a considerably …”

Denmark S. 743-750

„… courts of second instance. However, an appeal may be lodged with the Danish Supreme Court if the case is …” „… significant impact on society, or if other special reasons speak in favour of the case being considered by the …” „… of importance to the merits of the case. 5 Decisions made by the Maritime and Commercial Court may be …”

Spain S. 897-903

„… (3) CDR those courts have jurisdiction to hear the cases where none of the litigants have either a …” „… to hear cases involving enforcement of CD rights has resulted in those courts having developed Llevat …” „… cases, a proceeding in first instance may last about fifteen months, and in case of proceedings for …”

France S. 763-769

„… Community designs notably. In addition, the analysis of French case law relating to French designs may be of …” „… the Grupo Pomer judgment7 and recalled to French courts (which rule on the merits in design cases …” „… H & M Hennes & Mauritz. 6 According to the ECJ case-law June 19, 2014, C-345/13, Karen Millen …”

Romania S. 872-879

„… matters.2 Its higher instance is Bucharest Court of Appeal. Only in very few cases matters can proceed …” „… , and one additional year in further stages. In cases where the right of the owner is challenged by …” „… first instance case could be on average between EUR 3,000 and EUR 10,000, representing mainly attorney …”

Austria S. 699-705

„… preliminary injunctions up to the Austrian Supreme Court, the Supreme Court has in many cases issued the world …” „… ) law that are critical in several cases throughout Europe. For example, in a case from 20136, the …” „… infringement cases. This also applies with regard to the duration of proceedings: Interlocutory proceedings are …”

SECTION 2. Priority S. 377-395

„… , Gemeinschaftsgeschmacksmuster, 2nd ed., Art. 40, mn. 4. 4 S. BGH, Case – I ZR 124/10 GRUR 2012, 1139 – mn. 25, Weinkaraffe and …” „… particularly in those cases in which the design for which application for a registered Community design has …” „… been filed has already been applied for at national level or outside the EU. This is the case, for …”

Malta S. 843-848

„… circumstances of each case, however on a broad basis one may categorise judicial fees and costs as follows on an …” „… EUR 800. 6 In each case, extra-judicial fees and costs arise on a separate basis, and these vary on a …” „… case-by-case basis. 2. Injunction and judicial proceedings 7 In addition to the aforementioned, in the context …”

Article 31. Insolvency proceedings S. 317-324

„… , provided that the RCD proprietor and the beneficiary are the same in each case, the fee is limited to a …” „… the territory of which the centre of a debtor’s main interests is situated. 2. In the case of a joint …” „… ‘worst-case scenario’2 insolvency where aspects of public policy such as the Union-wide accepted principle of …”

SECTION 3. Other disputes concerning Community Design S. 600-605

„… in Art. 88 (2) to national law in its entirety in cases in which the CDR does not contain an …” „… of the provision in Art. 92 (1). This is the case – at least within the scope of application of Art …” „… materiae in the case of actions relating to a national design right in that State. 1 With regard to the …”

Article 59. Examination of appeals S. 455-457

„… proceedings from the point in time where the procedural mistake took place. In this case, the rectified …” „… month time limit has expired and then remit the case to the BoA without any comment or statement. The …” „… , 2.5.1.1. 11 GC Case T-187/06 Ralf Schräder v CPVO (para. 143) ECLI:EU:T:2008:511. Examination of appeals …”

SECTION 2. Procedures S. 650-653

„… proceedings in the Office and in the other cases provided for in this Regulation. 1 Art. 101 establishes the …” „… of the Invalidity Division is the rapporteur of the case. The rapporteur will handle the procedural …” „… ). However, in certain specific cases, decisions shall be taken by an enlarged Board chaired by the Executive …”

SECTION 1. Filing of applications and the conditions which govern them S. 346-376

„… , the Benelux Design Office shall be considered a national office). In case the applicant choses the …” „… specimens, or in case the EUIPO’s technical filing systems are temporarily unavailable.3 This applies all …” „… jurisdictions, this may – depending on the case – even be more economic than filing an RCD application with the …”

Article 32. Licensing S. 325-337

„… infringement action brought by the right holder in a Community design. 5. In the case of a registered community …” „… case-law of the CJ ‘that the need for a uniform application of European Union law and the principle of …” „… CJ Case C-376/11 PIE OPTIEK SPRL/BUERAU GEVERS SA and ASBL [ECLI:EU:C:2012:502], mn. 33 (with further …”

Luxembourg S. 832-842

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. Primary measures to be taken in case of infringements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1. Formal …” „… proceedings with so called “interlocutory proceedings” and when the merits of the case are being discussed …” „… cases when the intention is to urgently react to an infringement against CD. 5Once the judicial …”

Czech Republic S. 736-742

„… case law. EU IP Enforcement Directive1 has been implemented, inter alia, by special Act on Industrial …” „… depending on whether financial compensation is sought or not. In the former case, the fees are 5 per cent …” „… design litigation in Czechia are E 1,000–5,000 in one instance depending on the complexity of the case …”

Article 27. Dealing with Community designs as national design rights S. 283-288

„… apply, the holder has an establishment on the relevant date. 2. In the case of a registered Community …” „… design, paragraph 1 shall apply according to the entries in the register. 3. In the case of joint holders …” „… paragraph shall be determined: (a) in the case of an unregistered Community design, by reference to the …”

Article 28. Transfer of the registered Community design S. 289-300

„… ) Transfer form or other document signed by both parties. . 38 c) Application filed in a case of legal …” „… which case it will be registered as a change of name).3 In other words, where there is no termination of …” „… , this may be a case of transfer. Therefore, unless it is ruled to the contrary under the national law …”

Cyprus S. 730-735

„… relating to the case even if such facts may later prove detrimental towards his claim. Failure of an …” „… Section 9 of the Civil Procedure Law, Cap 6. 4 Supreme Court Case 1 CLR 1453 Louis Vuitton v Dermosak Ltd …” „… within the discretion of the court upon the facts of each case. 12Section 32 of The Courts of Justice Law …”

Article 33. Effects vis-a`-vis third parties S. 338-343

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 III. Inapplicability of Art. 33 (2) CDR in case of universal succession (Art. 33 (3) CDR …” „… case this right has already been registered with OHIM or also in case the acquirer has applied for such …” „… third party infringes the rights conferred by the RCD.23 Acc. Art. 32 14 CJ Case C-419/15 Thomas …”

Article 57. Time limit and form of appeal S. 449-452

„… by the legal successor of the party adversely affected in the proceedings.2 In this case, the …” „… 2002 – R 425/2000-2 – BILDMARKE (SEPHORA)/ SEPHORA (regarding Art 59 CTMR now Art 67 EUTMR). 3 CJ Case …” „… Office. No other currencies or means of payment are allowed (Art. 5 CDFR). In case of bank transfer the …”

Sweden S. 904-908

„… the Patent and Market Court in Stockholm, and in case of appeal, by the Patent and Market Court of …” „… warning letter in certain cases can be considered as marketing activity and hence be subject to the …” „… : (i) As mentioned in section I above, a Community design can in most cases also be protected in …”

SECTION 1. General provisions S. 642-649

„… the law applicable to the contract in question, Art. 145 (1) EUTMR. In the case of non-contractual …” „… indicated by the applicant in his application. 4. In the case of invalidity proceedings, the language of …” „… a derogation granted by the Office where justified by the complexity of the case, exceed an amount …”

Article 108. Rules of procedure of the Boards of Appeal S. 671-672

„… CDR, the CDIR and the list of cases enumerated in Art. 107 (2). All of these fees are set out in the …” „… managerial aspects, such as the composition and powers of the boards, the attribution of cases to the …” „… individual boards, cases to be referred to the enlarged Board or those to be decided by a single board member …”

Article 58. Interlocutory revision S. 453-454

„… may not be granted. Instead, the department whose decision is appealed must remit the case to the BoA …” „… Decision of the Third BoA of 13 July 2017 – R 29/2017 – Geister Medizintechnik. 15 GC Case T-277/06 …” „… contested to rectify its decision in ex parte cases, i. e. proceedings that involve only one party. 2 The …”

Article 109. Committee S. 673-676

„… Grand Board have been rather limited; until 2016, the Grand Board had decided a mere total of 19 cases …” „… particular, substantive issues. 5Under Art. 36 (1) EUTMDR,12 boards may devolve cases to a single member in …” „… order to increase efficient handling of cases. Generally speaking, cases not presenting any particular …”

Slovenia S. 888-896

„… required. In most cases a couple of preparatory briefs are exchanged and at least one court hearing is held …” „… reason unjustified requests will most often be ignored. This is even more the case when compensation of …” „… exequendi, it can still serve as very strong evidence in a court case. Prepreparing an undertaking form to …”

Article 53. Examination of the application S. 428-440

„… judicata, but the question in each case is how far the effects of res judicata apply. 57 Res judicata would …” „… refunded in each case. 3. Settlement of the proceedings 10 Art. 31 (5) CDIR allows the Invalidity Division …” „… file another application for a declaration of invalidity based on different grounds.12 7 GC Case T-9/07 …”

Croatia S. 722-729

„… , the practice has demonstrated that the value of the case in the declaratory claims re industrial …” „… court case can last a few years.7 III. General remarks on industrial design protection 9 Since the …” „… Croatian Act anticipates that the provisions on the protection of a national design in case of infringement …”

Annex 2. Commission Regulation (EC) No 2245/2002 S. 926-956

„… d/Annexes.3d from 12.10.2018 11:15:53 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm (b) in the case of …” „… paragraph 2 and, in the case of a multiple application, the consecutive number of the design; no explanatory …” „… view. In cases where more than seven views are provided, the Office may disregard for registration and …”

Annex 4. GUIDELINES FOR EXAMINATION OF REGISTERED COMMUNITY DESIGNS EUROPEAN UNION INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE (EUIPO) S. 962-1018

„… may be disregarded, which may result in a loss of rights. In such a case, the applicant may file a …” „… months from the date it was filed at the national office or, as the case may be, the Benelux Office for …” „… indication database available on the Office’s website. In such a case, the indication of the products may …”

Annex 5. GUIDELINES FOR EXAMINATION OF REGISTERED COMMUNITY DESIGNS EUROPEAN UNION INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE (EUIPO) REGISTERED COMMUNITY DESIGNS S. 1019-1052

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 6.2.1 Cases where a decision on costs must be taken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 6.2.2 Cases …” „… confirmation copy (which, as the case may be, may contain documents in colours) has been sent. Both the fax and …” „… more than one Community design of a multiple registration. In such a case, the fee for the application …”

SECTION 3. Right to the Community design S. 203-210

„… following the date on which the existing registration expires.25 In case the CDR has expired and is …” „… design or other graphical software packages, could still be the designer. It may also be the case that …” „… , including testamentary disposition or by assignment. 1 See also CI Case C-32/08 Fundación Espan~ola para la …”

Article 29. Rights in rem on a registered Community design S. 301-310

„… case, a right in rem registered in Spain being the Member State, in which the seat of the OHIM is …” „… Case 4 Ob 178/00 f ÖBl 2001, 89 – BOSS-Brillen II; BGH Case I ZR 93/04 GRUR 2007, 877 – Windsor Estate …” „… the pledgee are the same in each case, Artt. 23 (6), 24 (1) CDIR. III. Registration of a right in rem …”

Article 55. Decisions subject to appeal S. 445-447

„… decision. In this case EUIPO will review the case and either revise its finding and inform the person …” „… ’ cannot cover mistakes liable to vitiate the substance of the contested decision.11 In such a case, the …” „… against the first decision, the second decision or both.14 11 GC Case T-53/10 Reisenthel v OHIM ECLI:EU:T …”

Article 52. Application for a declaration of invalidity S. 419-427

„… the EUIPO. Where this is not the case the person must be represented by a representative, otherwise …” „… representative (Art. 65 (1) CDIR). In the case of several applicants5 s. Art. 61 CDIR. 24 The Office recommends …” „… registration number (Art. 37 (4) CDR):9 In such a case, the fee for the application must be paid for each …”

Article 51. Surrender S. 412-418

„… . Surrender in the case of a deferred publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 IV …” „… ) in the case of a partial surrender a representation of the amended design. 8The declaration of …” „… rejected, and that department will be responsible for acting accordingly, namely in case of registration on …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… to their respective law firms and clients or to particular cases. In the case of EUIPO agents and …” „… where such decisions were rendered in ‘landmark cases’. The format corresponds to that of a ‘traditional …” „… guidelines under D., followed by a Table of Cases under E., reflecting the decisions cited throughout this …”

Article 30. Levy of execution S. 311-316

„… proprietor has an establishment or, should this not be the case, levies of execution in Spain being the …” „… for levy of execution in respect of a debtor’s assets, for example in the case of infringement of his …” „… rights of personality, these rules will also apply to the cases covered by Article 20 [now Art. 23 EUTMR …”

SECTION 4. Representation S. 512-522

„… is the EU. However, following the 2017 judgment of the General Court in the case of Paul Rosenich vs …” „… between the two entities. In such case, the non-EU established entity General principles of representation …” „… , this will be the case where they form part of the same group of companies, or where one has material …”

Article 50. Deferment of publication S. 406-411

„… Regulation. 5. In the case of multiple applications, paragraph 4 need only be applied to some of the designs …” „… date or, as the case may be, from the priority date (Art. 50 (1) CDR). 2The idea behind deferment is to …” „… international registration). In such cases, the designs for which deferment is sought should be clearly …”

Article 54. Participation in the proceedings of the alleged infringer S. 441-444

„… a case, but to grant the appellant the relief it seeks.63 If the decision is not rectified within …” „… for this participation can arise in two situations: – in the case of a defendant in proceedings for …” „… infringement (in a broad sense – s. mn. 3) brought by the holder of the Community Design, or – in the case of a …”

Article 45. Examination as to formal requirements for filing S. 396-398

„… (2), (3), (4) and (5) and, in the case of a multiple application, Article 37 (1) and (2); (b) the …” „… request for registration (which will be the case where the applicant has completed (at least partly) the …” „… Teleye judgment in Case T-128/99, EU:T:2001:266) and not on the existence of an obvious mistake (Art …”

Article 46. Remediable deficiencies S. 399-401

„… Chest, para. 13. 4 See, for example, judgment of the General Court of 9 February 2017 in Case T-16/16 …” „… of two designs did not refer to the same design in each case, as they showed different colours, it …” „… 240.00mm examiner will in straightforward cases automatically substitute such an indication with the …”

SECTION 1. General provisions S. 654-661

„… of the United Kingdom4 may derisk potential negative impacts of the Brexit in case there are no …” „… a representative in cases of mandatory representation before the EUIPO in cases of refusal …” „… procedure at WIPO is contained in WIPO’s Hague Guide for Users which should be consulted in cases of doubt …”

Annex 3. Commission Regulation (EC) No 2246/2002 S. 957-961

„… follows: (a) in the cases referred to in Article 5(1)(a), the date on which the amount of the payment is …” „… actually entered in a bank account held by the Office; (b) in the case referred to in Article 5(1)(b), the …” „… date of the receipt of the cheque at the Office, provided that the cheque is met; (c) in the cases …”

F. Index S. 1071-1092

„… et seqq., 25 6, 106e/f 3, 106 f 3 – grounds for non-registrability 47 1 – in appeal cases 61 29 …” „… – surrender in case of deferred publication 51 22 – withdrawal 51 15 Deferment of publication 19 1, 50 1 et …” „… 60 4 – decision 58 7 et seq. – inter parte cases 58 3 – requirements 58 3 et seq. International …”

SECTION 3. Informing the public and the official authorities of the Member States S. 500-511

„… subject of negotiations in the on-going Brexit talks between the United Kingdom and the EU. 4 In some case …” „… required by the industry. Given that, in a number of cases normal publication of a design, following …” „… reasonable time period whereby solution is afforded in such cases.5 3 The deferment period commences from the …”

A. Commentary S. 1-4

„… invalidity. (26) The normal publication following registration of a Community design could in some cases …” „… deferment of publication for a reasonable period affords a solution in such cases. (27) A procedure for …”

SECTION 2. Costs S. 496-499

„… incurred by the other party as stipulated in paragraphs 1 and 2. 4. Where a case does not proceed to …” „… each party will bear its own costs; (ii) If reasons of equity so dictate. If a case does not proceed to …”

Article 1. Community design S. 5-24

„… , according to which a Community design shall have ‘equal effect throughout the Community’. Unlike in the case …” „… of the Brexit, the ‘legal certainty’ achieved by this is in many cases likely to justify the (limited …” „… . 34: ‘According to settled case-law, in interpreting a provision of Community law it is necessary to …”

SECTION 2. International registrations designating the community S. 662-668

„… (application and publication) are EUR 350.00, whereas the IR fees are CHF 481.00 (in case of only claiming …” „… application for a RCD in normal cases will be done rather quickly. The design right is put in a limbo for a …”

Article 34. The application for a registered Community design as an object of property S. 344-345

„… the register (esp. Art. 33 (2)). In these cases, the required entry in the register shall be performed …”

Article 49. Publication S. 404-405

„… excess are reimbursed. In all other cases, no refund is made in respect of RCDs that do not proceed to …”

Article 111. Entry into force S. 686-688

„… . This was done in order to avoid a deluge of CDR applications on 1 April 2003.3 In cases of early …”

Annex 1. DIRECTIVE 98/71/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL S. 919-925

„… no case to be construed as constituting an obstacle to the free movement of a product which …” „… involved on the protection of designs in cases where the product incorporating the design or to which the …”

Article 107. Implementing regulation S. 669-670

„… regulation, in the cases listed below: (a) late payment of the registration fee; (b) late payment of the …”

Article 110a. Provisions relating to the enlargement of the Community S. 684-685

„… Acacia case disappointed car manufacturers who expected exclusivity for wheel rims, there are still …”

Article 2. Office S. 25-28

„… Office’s Guidelines for Examination of Applications at 1.2.4, p. 10: e-filing (used in about 80 % of cases …”

doi.org/10.17104/9783406759086

Gordian N. Hasselblatt - European Union Trade Mark Regulation

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Gordian N. Hasselblatt (ed.)

European Union Trade Mark Regulation

Series: Beck International

Volume 2020

Results in this title

E. Table of Cases S. 1711-1757

„… Reemers Publishing Services GmbH O:/Beck/Hasselblatt_978-3-406-71510-5/3d/TableofCases.3d from …” „… 12.10.2018 16:02:25 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm E. Table of Cases Introductory note …” „… Publishing Services GmbH O:/Beck/Hasselblatt_978-3-406-71510-5/3d/TableofCases.3d from 12.10.2018 16:02:26 3B …”

Article 69. Revision of decisions in ex parte cases S. 807-808

„… decisions in ex parte cases 1. If the party which has lodged the appeal is the sole party to the procedure …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Revision procedure in ex parte cases …” „… actual appeals examination. 2Originally, the then-CTMR only provided for revision review in ex parte case …”

Article 72. Actions before the Court of Justice S. 818-858

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 1. Ex parte cases …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 2. Inter partes cases …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 3. Joined cases …”

SECTION 2. Effects of an EU trade mark S. 325-465

„… , ‘Trademark Protection under Unfair Competition Law’, IIC 1988, pp. 192–215; S. Hanne, ‘Case law on …” „… : A Practical Guide based on the Case Law in Community Trade Mark Oppositions from 2002 to 2012’, TMR …” „… Theory and International Exhaustion – Why it is Wise to Confine the Double Identity Rule to Cases …”

SECTION 3. Use of an EU trade mark S. 465-494

„… upon the CJ case law, EU trade mark protection has grown around the critical development phase of …” „… it intended to restrict trade mark protection to the case where large-scale commercial use has been …” „… Case T-325/06 Boston Scientific Ltd. v EUIPO ECLI:EU:T:2008:338, mn. 28. 3 See for more details …”

SECTION 1. EU collective marks S. 860-886

„… right of third parties to use a geographical name despite the existence of 1 CJ Case C-689/15 W. F …” „… Case C-609/11P Centrotherm Systemtechnik GmbH v EUIPO ECLI:EU:C:2013:592, mn. 71; CJ Joined Cases C …” „… -202/08P and C-208/08P American Clothing Associates NV v EUIPO ECLI:EU:C:2009:477, mn. 40; CJ Case C …”

SECTION 1. Definition of an EU trade mark and obtaining an EU trade mark S. 54-325

„… of some of the leading case law of the Boards of Appeal’, E.I.P.R 32 (9) (2010), 437; Stefan Martin …” „… of all kind of signs is promoted, it is, in many cases, not clear which scope of protection must be …” „… Case C-273/00 Sieckmann [2002] ECR. I- 11737, ECLI:EU:C:2002:748, mn. 16. 4 CJ Case C-321/03 Dyson Ltd …”

SECTION 1. General provisions S. 919-1017

„… Art. 62 CDR, see Humphreys, in Hasselblatt, CDR, Art. 62. 2 GC Case T-581/13 – Royal County of …” „… . 23; GC Case T-490/07 Notartel v OHIM – SAT.1 (R.U.N.) ECLI:EU:T:2009:522, mn. 27; GC Case T-349/03 …” „… Corsica Ferries France v Commission ECLI:EU:T:2005:221, mn. 58 and 59. 3 CJ Case C-471/16 Staatliche …”

Article 70. Examination of appeals S. 808-815

„… examiner of a of an absolute ground of refusal which is not subject to the appeal itself, in which case the …” „… ex parte cases 5 Once the appellant has filed its statement of grounds within four months of the …” „… process. 1 GC Case T-236/12 Airbus v OHIM ECLI:EU:T:2013:343, para. 22. 2 See discussion in connection to …”

Lithuania S. 1543-1554

„… . Efficiency of enforcement practise 3The courts follow the case-law of CJ and the case law of The Supreme …” „… proceedings in not limited by the law. Typically the case at the court of the first instance is examined …” „… filed electronically. Accordingly in such cases only 75 % of normal stamp duty fee has to be paid. 1 Art …”

Hungary S. 1508-1517

„… legal instruments for proceeding against infringers. On the other hand, in case an infringer does not …” „… complexity of the actual case and the activity of the parties. 1 Hungarian Trade mark Act. 2 Hungary adopted …” „… practice of the court of first instance (Metropolitan Court case Nr. 3.P.25.026/2013/2.) the official duty …”

SECTION 5. Implementation of procedures S. 1254-1289

„… , while Service 5 does the same in opposition and Service 6 in cancellation cases. 3 Service 3 within the …” „… Opposition Division or Cancellation Division deciding on a case relating to one and the same EUTM,6 the …” „… 240.00mm 12 Article 27 EUTMIR enumerates the cases in which a single member of the Opposition Division or …”

Bulgaria S. 1439-1445

„… the number of infringement cases judges from Bulgarian courts have become more and more experienced …” „… strictly following the practice of the EU courts. 3The EUTM Enforcement cases are not so many in Bulgaria …” „… . Therefore, our commentaries are based mainly on enforcement cases related to national and International …”

Belgium S. 1431-1439

„… the court decisions will in most cases be valid in the three Benelux countries and the case law …” „… court of commerce or before its president. The same costs will be incurred if the case is subsequently …” „… initiate proceedings on the merits within one month. 6 The legal proceedings that are mostly used in case …”

Italy S. 1524-1534

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b) Case management …” „… depend on the value of the matter. In trademark related cases often the value of the matter is indicated …” „… by the parties as being undeterminable. In such cases, the same court fees apply as for proceedings …”

Article 68. Time limit and form of appeal S. 802-807

„… appellant fully sets out his or her case and arguments. 3 The EUIPO will notify the appeals respondent of …” „… the appeal. 1 GC Case T-373/03 Solo Italia Srl v OHIM – Nuova Sala Srl. ECLI:EU:T:2005:191, para. 58 …” „… has one month to effect payment. See Art. 32 EUTMR. 4 Article 23 (3) EUTMDR. 5 GC Case T-373/03 Solo …”

SECTION 2. Disputes concerning the infringement and validity of EU trade marks S. 1085-1147

„… of Art. 30 (3) of Reg. 1215/2012 were specified in the CJ judgment in the case ‘Roche Netherlands’.23 …” „… . 125 applicable to such proceedings. Therefore, it very generally remains the case that Art. 122 (1 …” „… list of EU trade mark courts communicated by a Member State to 23 CJ Case ECLI:EU:C:2006:458 Roche …”

Ireland S. 1517-1524

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 A. General remarks 1Ireland has a tiered court system but cases involving trademarks and other IP …” „… these rights in Ireland where they have full effect.1 However, this is no longer the case since the …” „… high and costs for even a straightforward IP case are likely to be in the region of EUR 50,000 to EUR …”

Latvia S. 1534-1543

„… . Additionally, the courts tend to follow to the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU …” „… ) given by the prejudicial judgments as well as to the case-law made by the Senate of the Supreme Court of …” „… of cases involving EUTMs, the efficiency and quality of judgements given by Latvian courts is …”

United Kingdom S. 1622-1631

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 b) Case Management …” „… the effective Brexit date before the UK courts, and indeed cases ongoing before EUTM courts as at the …” „… 500,000. Very complex cases with several contested procedural issues can cost substantially in excess of …”

Article 67. Persons entitled to appeal and to be parties to appeal proceedings S. 798-802

„… that the assignment has taken place to have standing to appeal. 1 GC Case T-457/12 Stromberg Menswear …” „… CJ Case C-53/11 P OHIM v Nike International Ltd – Aurelio Munoz Molina ECLI:EU:C:2012:27, paras …” „… appellant must have been a party to those proceedings. In most cases it is of course an obvious and …”

SECTION 1. Application of Union rules on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters S. 1079-1085

„… actions on the basis of EU trade marks and national trade marks. 2. In the case of proceedings in respect …” „… this is not the case, recourse to Reg. 1215/2012 is possible through Art. 122 (1). This taxonomy is …” „… EUTMR is concerned, this connectivity is to be confirmed in cases of so-called infringement chains, for …”

Finland S. 1480-1487

„… property enforcement. From having most, but not all, kinds of intellectual property cases heard by the …” „… cases are an exception to this, however, as they are still heard by the local District Court having …” „… that may be made. I. Costs 4 Costs for litigating a EUTM infringement case can vary considerably …”

Estonia S. 1475-1480

„… main proceedings 2The duration of an average trademark infringement case in the first instance is …” „… the complexity of the case. Should the case proceed through all three court instances (County Court …” „… , District Court and Supreme Court), the time may extend to two or three years, in complex cases even more …”

Slovakia S. 1592-1600

„… common for the enforcement of all IP rights, is the limited amount of tried cases. The yearly average of …” „… unfair competition and IP infringement cases filed at the Slovak courts in the years 2014 and 2015 was …” „… mm stances of the case, such as the need for extensive evidence (see below mn. 27), or deficiencies …”

SECTION 3. Grounds for invalidity S. 768-784

„… lies with the applicant for cancellation, also in cases based on absolute grounds of invalidity.3 In …” „… examine the facts of its own motion. This change is the result of case law of the GC,5 in which the GC …” „… that if the trade mark has 2 GC Case T-237/01 Alcon v Dr Robert Winzer Pharma GmbH [2003] ECLI:EU:T …”

Denmark S. 1467-1475

„… if the case is of general importance to the application and development of legislation or otherwise …” „… has a significant impact on society, or if other special reasons speak in favour of the case being …” „… that the Danish Trade marks Act is of importance to the merits of the case. 5 Decisions made by the …”

SECTION 2. Costs S. 1017-1041

„… incurred by the other party as stipulated in paragraphs 1 and 3. 5. Where a case does not proceed to …” „… limited to the fees paid to the Office and the representation costs. In all other cases, the registry of …” „… Cancellation Division or the Board of Appeal, as the case may be, shall take a decision on the request for a …”

SECTION 4. Observations by third parties and opposition S. 688-723

„… led to the re-examination and refusal of a Union trade mark application in many cases.4 They are of …” „… , Unionsmarkenverordnung, Art. 40, mn. 9; CJ Case T-224/01 Nu-Tride/Tufftride [2003] ECR I-10239, ECLI:EU:T:2003:107. 14 …” „… closing of an appeal case that has followed an opposition decision. 18 Communication No. 2/09. 19 Schramek …”

Spain S. 1609-1616

„… 125 (3) EUTMR those courts have jurisdiction to hear the cases where none of the litigants have either …” „… in Spain to hear cases involving enforcement of EU trademark rights has resulted in Vallespinosa 1609 …” „… determined for all the cases, a proceeding in first instance may last about fifteen months, and in case of …”

Austria S. 1423-1431

„… stipulates that the value of a case regarding Intellectual Property matters shall be EUR 43,200, provided the …” „… costs for an injunction will vary between EUR 4,000– 6,000 (no hearing) at first instance. In case the …” „… 30,000. 4 The duration of trial depend on the complexity of the case at hand. In general summary …”

Article 71. Decisions in respect of appeals S. 815-818

„… conditions for the referrals are not met, the Grand Board will refer the case back to the ordinary Board. 47 …” „… publication of the referral in the Official Journal, submit their written observations on the case to the …” „… remit the case to that department for further prosecution. 2. If the Board of Appeal remits the case for …”

SECTION 5. Proceedings in the Office in relation to revocation or invalidity S. 786-795

„… not provide for oral hearings. In case the proprietor of the trade marks does not submit any …” „… invite the parties to reach an amicable settlement (Art. 57 (4) EUTMR). 6In case the proprietor of the …” „… referred to in Art. 46 (1) EUTMR. 10In case the claim for invalidation is based on the relative grounds set …”

B. Measures under Enforcement Directive 2004/48/EC S. 1411-1423

„… ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 VI. Measures resulting from a decision on the merits of the case. . . . . . . . . 40 1. Corrective …” „… Union trade marks shall be solely governed by the EUTMR. According to the settled case-law of the Court …” „… . Artt. 9, 12 CTMR. 12 Settled case-law, e. g. CJ Case C-238/06 P Develey bottle [2007] ECR I-09375 mn …”

SECTION 5. Withdrawal, restriction, amendment and division of the application S. 723-735

„… -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 V. Specific case law …” „… limitation,5 that is a partial renunciation, in this case applying to a part of the goods or services of the …” „… opposition. 8Withdrawal of an application in case of an opposition directed against it can be done before the …”

Poland S. 1576-1581

„… Cases in Poland are characterized by an extensive formalistic approach, dictated by civil and civil …” „… . Cases in Poland in general, and not only CTM cases, are usually decided on the basis of evidence in the …” „… case file, rather than on the basis of what is equitable. 4 Appeals against rulings of the Court for …”

SECTION 3. Conversion into a national trade mark application S. 1163-1187

„… Articles 39 or 40. 4. In cases where an EU trade mark application is deemed to be withdrawn, the Office …” „… the EUTM applicant or holder to seek national trade mark protection in case of a ‘collapse’ of the …” „… the Madrid Protocol is that in the first case the request will be handled centrally by EUIPO whereas …”

Annex 2. COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) 2018/625 of 5 March 2018 S. 1653-1684

„… the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and to codify the practice of the Office …” „… earlier rights in cases where the content of the relevant evidence is accessible online from a source …” „… alternative to invalidating the mark. (8) According to settled case-law of the Court of Justice7, unless …”

Article 66. Decisions subject to appeal S. 795-798

„… firstinstance decision-maker: in the case of the EUIPO revision review pursuant to Art. 69 before the actual …” „… relevance – has been omitted entirely. 3In the case of the EUIPO, appeals are made to the Boards of Appeal …” „… principle of Union law. See, e. g., Case T-411/06 Sogelma – Societá generale lavori manutenzioni appalti …”

SECTION 2. Grounds for revocation S. 758-768

„… , 2nd ed., Art. 51, 255. 2 GC Case, T-237/01 Alcon Inc v OHIM [2003] ECR II – 0041, mn. 48. 3 Keeling …” „… revocation and invalidity proceedings, the Office has the power of discretion to decide in each case, taking …” „… which case the proceedings will continue. II. Revocation for non-use during 5 years 9 The 24th recital …”

SECTION 2. Application of national laws for the purpose of prohibiting the use of EU trade marks S. 1154-1163

„… , no longer be invoked if the proprietor of the 11 CJ Case C-342/97 Lloyd Schuhfabrik Meyer & Co GmbH v …” „… Examples in case law of an unregistered trade mark forming the basis for an action under Art. 137 EUTMR are …” „… Origen Jamón de Huelva v Martı́n-Toro y Villegas, S.L. 10 GC Case T-485/07 Olive line v HABM ECLI:EU:T …”

Romania S. 1585-1592

„… instance is Bucharest Court of Appeal. Only in very few cases matters can proceed further to the High Court …” „… instance, and one additional year in further stages. In cases where the right of the owner is challenged by …” „… first instance case could be on average between EUR 3,000 and EUR 10,000, representing mainly attorney …”

SECTION 4. Claiming the seniority of a national trade mark S. 642-653

„… .6 This can be considered true at first glance, in the latter case, the trade mark proprietor also …” „… claimed. This could happen in the case of an enlargement of the EU where the territory of the EU trade …” „… mark protection subsequently broadens. In this case, as to the enlarged territory, the effective date …”

SECTION 4. EU trade marks as objects of property S. 494-583

„… not apply, the proprietor has an establishment on the relevant date. 2. In cases which are not …” „… , according to which the OHIM had the discretion to refuse registration of a transfer in case it was clear …” „… characteristic performance, which in particular may be the case, if the disposition of the trade mark is only an …”

France S. 1487-1496

„… of the attachment itself, vary greatly from one case to the other. As regards the trial on the merits …” „… to gather evidence, EUTM enforcement cases in France will or will not commence with a cease and …” „… contrefaçon), as the case may be. 3. Attachment procedure (saisie contrefaçon) 13In order to obtain additional …”

SECTION 1. Civil actions on the basis of more than one trade mark S. 1151-1154

„… trade marks and a parallel national trade marks respectively. In cases where a EU trade mark is not …” „… identical actions which would also be expected to be the case in relation to Art. 136. In CJ Case C-231/16 …” „… . 109 could in some cases produce unfair and 1 EUTMR Recital 33. 2 CJ Case C-406/92 The Tatry v Maciej …”

Czech Republic S. 1459-1467

„… case law. EU IP Enforcement Directive1 has been implemented, inter alia, by special Act on Industrial …” „… case, the fees are 5 per cent from the sued amount with a cap of CZK 2.000,000 (approx. E 80,000). If …” „… of the case, number of oral hearings, existence of preliminary injunction and costs of expert …”

Annex 4. DIRECTIVE 2004/48/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL S. 1701-1711

„… case in such a manner as to take due account of the specific characteristics of that case, including …” „… in certain Member States and should be made available in all the Member States. This is the case with …” „… infringements, without awaiting a decision on the substance of the case, while observing the rights of the …”

Cyprus S. 1453-1459

„… either party. III. Duration 4 Trials for cases of infringement of EUTMs in Cyprus usually commence within …” „… documents relating to the case even if such facts may later prove detrimental towards his claim. Failure of …” „… discretion of the court upon the facts of each case. 10Section 32 of The Courts of Justice Law 1960, N.14(I …”

SECTION 1. Filing of applications and the conditions which govern them S. 583-626

„… application. 12 As an exception from this inadmissibility rule in cases where the applicant is prevented from …” „… it remains unclear whether this “technical malfunction” exception is limited to cases where the …” „… Offices User Area is out of order or whether it also applies to cases where the malfunction lies in the …”

SECTION 2. Priority S. 626-638

„… case, the time rank determines priority.5 The date of filing determines the date of priority for the …” „… . OHIM Dec. of 13.8.2010 – R 619/2010-2 mn 14. 5 S. CJ Case C-245/02 Anheuser-Busch Inc v Bud jovický …” „… application will, in this case, be considered as withdrawn. This, however, is not considered by EUIPO since …”

Malta S. 1564-1570

„… to the particular circumstances of each case, however on a broad basis one may categorise judicial …” „… ) EUR 800/miscellaneous judicial costs EUR 800; 7In each case, extra-judicial fees and costs arise on a …” „… separate basis, and these vary on a case-by-case basis. 8In addition to the aforementioned, mention must …”

Luxembourg S. 1554-1564

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Primary measures to be taken in case of infringements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1 …” „… the proceedings with so called “interlocutory proceedings” and when the merits of the case are being …” „… measures are very effective in most cases when the intention is to urgently react to an infringement …”

Greece S. 1502-1508

„… , especially due to the relatively small size of the Greek economy. Furthermore, it is a fact that CTM cases …” „… . In significantly complex cases costs might rise to EUR 50,000 or even higher depending on the …” „… particulars of the case. III. Duration 3The average length of a CTM dispute which would reach as far as the …”

The Netherlands S. 1570-1576

„… the result of developments in case law, most notably the CJ decision in the matter of United Video …” „… so. The fact that in the vast majority of cases where a cease and desist letter is sent anyway, is to …” „… cases are very rarely held to be unlawful. 9Also, there is no obligation for the EUTM proprietor to …”

Article 53. Renewal S. 739-747

„… , provided that the proprietors or the representatives are the same in each case. Content A. Renewal period …” „… Art. 52 EUTMR. 2 Art. 53 (6) EUTMR. 3 Art. 53 (2) EUTMR. 4 Art. 104 EUTMR. 5 GC Case T-326/11 Brainlab …” „… payable in respect of the late renewal of an EUTM.7 7 In some case a trade mark application may not have …”

Germany S. 1496-1502

„… , the German court system is highly valued and effective. This is the case not only for patent …” „… , for example, CJ Case C-12/12 Colloseum Holding [2013] ECLI:EU:C:2013:253; CJ Case C-360/12 Coty …” „… Germany [2014] ECLI:EU:C:2014:1318, CJ Case C- 580/13 Cots Germany ECLI:EU:C:2015:485 and CJ Case C-642/16 …”

Slovenia S. 1600-1609

„… , the number of exchanged writs and the number of hearings required. In most cases a couple of …” „… often be ignored. This is even more the case when compensation of damages and legal fees or contractual …” „… evidence in a court case. Pre-preparing an undertaking form to be signed should be preferred and should …”

SECTION 1. General provisions S. 1315-1326

„… , p. 25; see, however, CJ Case C-445/12 P Rivella International AG v EUIPO – Baskaya di Baskaya Alim …” „… further in case an opposition against the international registration is lodged (Art. 5 (2)(b) MP). Again …” „… trade mark application entered or made before 1 October 2017, as the case may be. Insofar, the …”

Portugal S. 1581-1585

„… some bad decisions where the IP owner suffered considerable damages. In some cases the court decided …” „… Portuguese Constitution and it is the main principle under civil procedure. However there are some few cases …” „… defendant. This happens in very restrict cases mainly where the evidence can be deleted immediately as in …”

SECTION 1. General provisions S. 1187-1232

„… emergencies requiring immediate access such as in case of fire. 4Under Art. 2 of the Protocol, also the …” „… required visa as quickly as possible. 5 CJ Case C-229/98 Vander Zwalmen and Massart v Belgium ECLI:EU:C …” „… :1999:501, mn. 21. 6 CJ Case C-229/98 Vander Zwalmen and Massart v Belgium ECLI:EU:C:1999:501, mn. 25. 7 …”

Sweden S. 1616-1622

„… and Market Court in Stockholm, and in case of appeal, by the Patent and Market Court of Appeal. The …” „… letter in certain cases can be considered as marketing activity and hence be subject to the Swedish …” „… to compensate by a final judgment. Failure to do so will result in a dismissal of the case …”

SECTION 2. EU certification marks S. 886-919

„… certification marks could form the basis for an opposition challenging an EUTM application; cf. GC Case T-508/13 …” „… Cases T-292/14 and T-293/14 Republic of Cyprus v OHIM, ECLI:EU:T:2015:752 (HALLOUMI/XAOYMI), mn. 46. EU …” „… quality of the goods, although this is sometimes the case. For example, regulations governing use …”

Article 3. Capacity to act S. 45-54

„… provision gains importance in those cases in which the proprietors of earlier rights as defined in Art. 8 do …” „… case of their non-existence or subsequent disappearance.5 This can be explained by stating that, in the …” „… overwhelming majority of cases, the legal personality of the applicant and/or of the other parties involved is …”

SECTION 1. Surrender S. 753-758

„… some or to all of the goods (Art. 57 (1)). In case of a partial surrender, the trade mark will subsist …” „… for the remaining goods or services. In case of a complete surrender, the trade mark ceases to exist …” „… centre of main interests, an entry can be made in the Register in accordance with Art. 24. In this case …”

SECTION 3. International registrations designating the Union S. 1350-1395

„… 240.00mm II. IR taking effect of EUTM application 4 From the date of its registration or, as the case may …” „… two months from the date of receipt in the Office of origin. In that case, the date of registration …” „… Appeal of 14 April 2014, in Case R 2151/2013-4 – BELLINA/BELLONA. Title XIII. International registration …”

Annex 3. COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) 2018/625 of 5 March 2018 S. 1684-1701

„… mark concerned. It may be complemented by a description of the sign in appropriate cases. Such an …” „… application in the file in the case of a priority claim. (9) Following the abolition of the requirement of a …” „… and its representation shall accord with each other as follows: (a) in the case of a trade mark …”

SECTION 2. International registration on the basis of applications for an EU trade mark and of EU trade marks S. 1326-1350

„… . However, this option implies significant risks in the case of priority claims since the registration may …” „… majority of cases an international application will correspond to one basic registration or application …” „… includes indications of – in case of form EM2, details on the payment of the EUIPO fee; – the office of …”

Article 73. Delegation of powers S. 858-860

„… shall contain a summary of the facts and arguments 254 See e. g. CJ Case C-512/04 P-DEP VITAKRAFT …” „… ECLI:EU:C:2007:603, paras 18, 19; CJ Case C-406/ 11 P-DEP Atlas Air v Atlas Transport ECLI:EU:C:2013:817 …” „… , paras 8–10 and the case-law cited; CJ Case C- 254/09 P-DEP CK Creaciones Kennya v CK ECLI:EU:C:2012:628 …”

Croatia S. 1445-1453

„… . Therefore, the practice has demonstrated that the value of the case in the declaratory claims re trade mark …” „… principle, unlimited number of hearings possible, the first instance court case lasts a few years. B …” „… obligatory mode of solving the disputes, which in most cases (with no damages claimed) results with a …”

SECTION 1. Examination of applications S. 653-681

„… the European Economic Area.7 In case of representation, the representative’s name and address of his …” „… , the applicant must ensure that a representative is then appointed.9 In such case, the examiner will …” „… 01/01/2018 is deemed not to have been received.17 Nevertheless, in exceptional cases, where a technical …”

Article 209. Provisions relating to the enlargement of the Union S. 1399-1406

„… limited when it comes to implementing acts. In the latter case, the Commission may adopt a proposed …” „… , http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+REPORT+A7-2014- 0031+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN#title3 (last visited January 30, 2018). 2 E. g. CJ Case C-427/12 …” „… Intellectual Property Law: Text, Cases and Material, 2013. Content I. Purpose/objective …”

SECTION 3. Other disputes concerning EU trade marks S. 1147-1151

„… jurisdiction ratione loci and ratione materiae in the case of actions relating to a national trade mark …” „… subsidiary rule concerning the international jurisdiction in case no court of a Member State has …” „… shares in cases of co-ownership by defined shares of an EU trade mark;6 – Actions for the enforcement of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… authors and should not be attributed to their respective law firms and clients or particular cases. In the …” „… case of EUIPO agents and officials, the views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those …” „… EU Trade Mark Courts, namely where such decisions were rendered in ‘landmark cases’. The format …”

SECTION 6. Budget and financial control S. 1289-1315

„… 177. In both cases each member shall have one vote. Content I. Overview …” „… agency adopts the agency’s budget which includes all revenue sources. In the case of EUIPO and CPVO, the …” „… invalidity submitted by proprietors of EU trade marks in each Member State; (d) the annual number of cases …”

Index S. 1757-1784

„… appeal proceedings see there – revision of decisions in ex partes cases see there – revision of decisions …” „… in inter partes cases see there – time limit for appeal see there Appeal against decisions of the BoA …” „… partes 72 101 – language of proceedings in inter partes cases 72 102 – legal aid 72 159 – legal successor …”

SECTION 3. Information which may be made available to the public and to the authorities of the Member States S. 1041-1067

„… 240.00mm 1The database eSearch Case Law provides access to EUIPO decisions and to judgments of the …” „… is accessible through the Office website free of charge.1 2eSearch Case Law covers every decision …” „… publication. Before publication, inspection is possible only in exceptional cases. 3Once an application has …”

SECTION 4. Representation S. 1067-1079

„… representation had ceased to act.1 In all other cases however, it should be assumed that the Office will simply …” „… way; (b) the requirement set out in paragraph 2(a) in the case of highly qualified professionals …” „… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm land and Sweden). Where this is the case, Art. 120 (2)(c) requires that …”

SECTION 3. Management Board S. 1237-1247

„… for examination in the Office and in the other cases provided for in this Regulation; (m) providing …” „… possible.3 In exceptional cases the Management Board may decide to temporarily suspend the delegation of …” „… this is not the case, a meeting shall be convened to elect a successor. 2 The terms of office of the …”

Article 1. EU trade mark S. 1-41

„… particular to guarantee the trade mark as an indication of origin, should be absolute in the case of identity …” „… between the mark and the sign and the goods or services. The protection should apply also in cases of …” „… standard of clarity and precision in accordance with the case law of the Court of Justice of the European …”

Annex 1. DIRECTIVE (EU) 2015/2436 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 16 December 2015 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks (Recast) S. 1631-1653

„… and the corresponding sign and the goods or services. The protection should apply also in the case of …” „… trade marks; (ii) trade marks registered in the Member State concerned or, in the case of Belgium …” „… in which the trade mark is registered or, in the case of an EU trade mark, has a reputation in the …”

SECTION 4. Executive Director S. 1247-1254

„… 90(2) of the Staff Regulations.6 In exceptional cases, the Management Board may decide to temporarily …” „… Regulations contains the applicable procedure in cases of complaints by staff against acts adversely affecting …” „… Executive Director. Only in the case of absence of more than three working days of the Executive Director …”

Article 208. Exercise of the delegation S. 1396-1399

„… implementing acts. In the latter case, the Commission may adopt a proposed implementing act notwithstanding any …” „… +DOC+XML+V0//EN#title3 (last visited January 30, 2018). 2 E. g. CJ Case C-427/12 Commission v European …”

SECTION 6. Registration S. 735-739

„… not be reimbursed in any of these three cases. The worst-case scenario for the applicant is that the …”

SECTION 2. Search S. 681-686

„… months from notification of EUIPO’s decision, Art. 94 (3) EUTMR. In cases where an absolute ground for …” „… proceedings after publication, then the ‘cooling-off period’ applied in such case will still provide for the …”

Article 212. Entry into force S. 1408-1411

„… ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 VI. Measures resulting from a decision on the merits of the case. . . . . . . . . 40 1. Corrective …”

Article 55. Change of name or address S. 748-750

„… of invalidity has been entered in a case before an EU trade mark court, such a divisional declaration …”

Article 56. Division of the registration S. 750-753

„… entered in a case before an EU trade mark court, such a divisional declaration has the effect of …”

SECTION 3. Exhibition priority S. 638-642

„… specifications as to the language in which the priority documents have to be submitted to EUIPO. In case the …”

SECTION 2. Tasks of the office and cooperation to promote convergence S. 1232-1237

„… cases provided for in this Regulation; (m) providing opinions and requests for information to the …”

doi.org/10.17104/9783406759093

Christoph Freichel, Gernot Brähler, Christian Lösel, Andreas Krenzin - German Profit Taxes

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Christoph Freichel, Gernot Brähler, Christian Lösel, Andreas Krenzin

German Profit Taxes

2020

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6 Final comprehensive case S. 293-304

„… Final comprehensive case Information regarding corporate income tax In the fiscal year …” „… surcharge is not taken into consideration for the sake of simplicity. 294 6 Final comprehensive case …” „… expense. However, it does not reduce the corporate income tax base. 5. Also in the case of the provision …”

2 Personal income tax S. 27-208

„… . 28 2 Personal income tax The jurisdiction of the courts is only binding for the respective case …” „… . The decisions do have influence beyond the individual case, however, because it must be assumed that …” „… the courts will make the same decision in similar cases. The administrative provisions are only …”

5 Legal neutrality of taxation S. 285-292

„… separability or non-transparency in the case of capital companies and the principle of unity or transparency …” „… in the case of partnerships. In accordance with the principle of separability, capital companies as …” „… independent tax subjects were subject only to relatively low corporate income tax in the case of retention of …”

4 Trade tax S. 255-284

„… and objects. In the case of the trade tax, the subject of taxation is the business. In contrast to …” „… (Sec. 10 (2) GewStG). In this case, the trade income is deemed to have been received in the survey …” „… . • A business establishment by virtue of legal form is always given in the case of capital companies …”

3 Corporate income tax S. 209-254

„… companies would only be selected as investment alternatives in the most seldom of cases because sole …” „… separately. The tax burden can differ in the case of distribution or accumulation. Modern systems, however …” „… shareholders (in the case of a natural person) and/or corporate income tax (in the case of a capital company …”

1 Introduction to German profit tax law S. 13-26

„… “just” manner. “Just” means that the circumstances of each individual case must be taken into account …” „… individual cases. However, the more the tax laws take details into account, the more complex they become and …” „… the more difficult they become to apply or carry out. As is the case when there are too few …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… tax, corporate income tax and trade tax are supplemented by a so-called comprehensive case study in …” „… account the special features mentioned in the case. For the sixth edition, the entire book was revised …” „… in general cases ............................................... 159 expenses in standardized cases …”

doi.org/10.24053/9783739880242

Peter Winkelmann - Vertriebskonzeption und Vertriebssteuerung

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Peter Winkelmann

Vertriebskonzeption und Vertriebssteuerung

2012

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6.5: Der systemgestützte Vertrieb (CRM und CAS) S. 256-326

„… Grundlage von CRM und unter Einbezug der Social Media. 6.5 Der systemgestützte Vertrieb (CRM und CAS) 6.5.1 …” „… systemgestützte Vertrieb (CRM und CAS) Die Marketing-Theorie bietet viele schöne Ideen zur Kundengewinnung und …” „… – Druckdaten – Seite 245 6.5Der systemgestützte Vertrieb (CRM und CAS) fach mathematisch hochgerechnet werden …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-19

„… Case-Studies angereichert haben, sind auf einer Extra-Dankesseite aufgeführt. Es ist jetzt auch an der Zeit …” „… Herrn Dieter J. Schlangmann, CAS-Consulting Schlangmann. Die CRM-Anbieter, die dieses Buch mit …” „… gibt das Buch einen Einblick in die modernen Techniken der CRM/CAS-Systeme und des Internet-Vertriebs …”

7.1: Die Kundenidentifizierung S. 326-351

„… in ein CRM/CAS-System einzutragen und allen betroffenen Kundenbetreuern abrufbereit zur Verfügung zu …” „… , Firmeninformationen etc. wird zunächst CAS genesisWorld der CAS Software AG (Abb. 175) vorgestellt. Dieses …” „… Kundengewinnung und -sicherung (4) CAS genesisWorld bindet Social Network-Aktivitäten mit ein. Im Blick stehen …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 760-784

„… CAS-Report, 1998/99, 1999 sowie CRM-Report 2000: s. unter Salesprofi CDH-Forschungsverband für den …” „… : CAS-Report 1999, Wiesbaden 1999, S. 22–26 Engelhardt, H.; Freiling, E. (1996): Prekäre Kundenbeziehungen, in …” „… : Client/Server Magazin, Nr. 1–2, Januar-Februar 2000, S. 50 Hüllenkremer (1998): CAS im Investitionsgüterverkauf …”

10.8: Wettbewerbsanalyse im Rahmen der Vertriebssteuerung S. 731-738

„… , die das CRM/CAS-System nicht erfasst und die daher aus dem zentralen Rechnungswesen an den Vertrieb …” „… die Hauptzuständigkeit erhalten. Dank CRM/CAS ist es relativ einfach, Daten in strukturierte Felder …” „… Stammdatenmasken im CRM/CAS-System zu führen. Drei Zuordnungsmöglichkeiten für Wettbewerbsdaten sind zu …”

10.9: Konzepte zum Gesamt-Controlling des Vertriebs S. 738-755

„… . 74–75). Die gängigen CRM/CAS-Systeme bieten derartige Marketingfunktionalitäten noch nicht. 10.9 …” „… Benchmarking im CRM/CAS-System zu verankern, in dem sich ohnehin alle Leistungsresultate des Verkaufs …” „… Frühwarn- und Benchmark-Moduls im Rahmen seiner bereits laufenden CAS- Vertriebssteuerung. Es war …”

7.4: Akquisitionsstrategie I: Der persönliche Verkauf/Besuchsverkauf S. 430-529

„… das CRM/CAS-System für die tägliche Aktivitätensteuerung ein. Computergestützte Touren- und …” „… Beispiel CAS genesisWorld in der Abb. 256 sind alle Termine, Aufgaben, Telefonate, Vorgänge, Adressen …” „… in CAS genesisWorld zur Verfügung. Definierte Aufgaben (Prozesse), wie Brief schreiben …”

7.5: Akquisitionsstrategie II: Der nicht-persönliche Verkauf S. 529-561

„… CRM/CAS-Systeme sollten den Anwendern diese Verbindungsbrücke anbieten. • Wegen der hohen Besuchskosten im …” „… . CRM/CAS- und eCommerce-Systeme hängen in Bezug auf ihre Leistungsfähigkeit von der zentralen Datenbank und …” „… . Sonderrabatte) sollten aus dem CRM/CAS-System direkt in die Shop-Maske des bestellenden Kunden eingespielt …”

Stichwortverzeichnis S. 784-798

„… CAPI-Interviews 165 camos 490, 493, 511 Capture-Team 117 CAS Software 259, 275, 281, 282, 325, 326, 332, 446 …” „… 189 Computer Aided Selling (CAS) 248, 249 776 Stichwortverzeichnis Deal-based-Marketing 174 …”

4.4: Vertriebsrelevante Spannungsfelder und Schnittstellen S. 123-136

„… Vertriebsführung mit System (CRM, CAS, CIS) bzw. noch weitergehend durch eine vertikal integrierte …” „… Außendienstkollege gemeinsam zuständig. Ein CRM/CAS-System sollte diese Verantwortlichkeit kenntlich machen …”

8.8: Promotions-und Kampagnenmanagement S. 618-625

„… den indirekten Vertrieb spezialisiert haben (z.B. die frühere CAS GmbH, jetzt bei Accenture, oder …”

8.1: Neukundengewinnung S. 571-577

„… richtigen Präferenzstrategie (Verkaufsargumente), (7) Anpassung der Steuerungsinstrumente (CRM, CAS …”

7.6: Akquisitionsstrategie III: Die Integration von Kundendienst und Servicebereichen in die Vertriebssteuerung S. 561-571

„… CRM/CAS-Vertriebssteuerung Vorrangiges Ziel des Kundendienstes der Vaillant Gruppe ist es, bei der Abstimmung Vertrieb …”

6.4: Der methodengestützte Vertrieb S. 229-256

„… regelmäßig wiederholende Prozesse im Unternehmen. °° Aus CRM/CAS- und ERP-Sicht sind Workflows Zusatzmodule …” „… Grundlage von CRM und unter Einbezug der Social Media. 6.5 Der systemgestützte Vertrieb (CRM und CAS) 6.5.1 …”

10.2: Der konventionelle Unterbau: Vertriebsplanung und-controlling S. 676-685

„… einer Analyse für eine Momentaufnahme „eingefroren“ sind). °° CRM/CAS-Systeme sollen Planungs- und …”

7.2: Die Kundenbewertung/Kundenqualifizierung: Wer sind unsere wichtigen, wer die unwichtigeren Kunden? S. 351-401

„… sind heute in etablierten CRM/CAS-Systemen Standard. Was aber die Anwender an Outlook-basierten …”

8.9: Anregungs-und Beschwerdemanagement S. 625-640

„… deshalb zum Angebot der höher entwickelten CRM/CAS-Systeme. Im Sinne von CRM sind die Abläufe typischer …”

10.7: Kosten-und Ergebnisanalysen S. 719-731

„… würden dann die Daten überhand nehmen, die das CRM/CAS-System nicht erfasst und die daher aus dem …”

10.5: Umsatzanalyse und Umsatzplanung S. 697-713

„… Lebensmitteleinzelhandel über eine große Einkaufsmacht verfügt. Ein weiterer Baustein des CRM/CAS-Systems ProfitSystem ist …”

5.4: Relationship-Marketing S. 189-210

„… ) (vgl. Wessling 2002, S. 9). °° Alle diese Facetten bringt die CAS Software AG aus Karlsruhe durch den …”

7.3: Datenmanagement für die Vertriebssteuerung und für CRM S. 401-430

„… Daten in einem CAS/CRM-System: (1) Die integrierten Marktforschungs- und Marktdaten liefern der …”

3.2: Vertriebssystem S. 56-105

„… Abstimmung mit Produktmanagement Empfehlungen zur Ausgestaltung des CRM/CAS-Systems im Vertrieb • berichtet …”

doi.org/10.15358/9783800643349

Center for Financial Studies - Der Euro in stürmischen Zeiten

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Center for Financial Studies (ed.)

Der Euro in stürmischen Zeiten

2016

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The Case for Political Union isn’t Convincing S. 202-205

„… The Case for Political Union isn’t Convincing1 Otmar Issing There now seems broad consensus that …” „… (Summer 2013), www.europesworld.org. 216 The Case for Political Union isn’t Convincing With this in mind …” „… Case for Political Union isn’t Convincing In September 2012, the European Commission’s President José …”

Forward Guidance: A New Challenge for Central Banks S. 234-244

„… intelligible words and sentences, “communication with the uninitiated breaks down.” A striking case can be …” „… problematic in several aspects. This is even more the case when such an announcement is connected with the …” „… inflation is a valid argument that that might be the case, but is no guarantee. Expectations could just …”

Impressive Ethics of Responsibility S. 307-309

„… them. That makes everything very predictable. Nevertheless, there are often hard cases. Judgement must …” „… be exercised. The burdens of leadership cannot be avoided. In every case, however, it must be …” „… possible to explain the logic of the specific case and to relate it to the overall framework. The way the …”

Lessons for Monetary Policy: What Should the Consensus Be? S. 131-148

„… analysis see Mishkin (2010) – the conclusion is that this strategy is still optimal. “The case for the …” „… . Mishkin (2010) sees a consequence in arguing in favor of aggressive actions by central banks in case of …” „… only second, in case the evolution of a major bubble in spite of all efforts could not have been …”

In Search of Monetary Stability: the Evolution of Monetary Policy S. 31-59

„… the better statutes of the central bank (e.g. the case of New Zealand). A fundamental aspect of a …” „… limits of what it can do in the long run or in the case of structural unemployment. And how will it …” „… potential for which were in any case limited because politicians were aware that they could only lose when …”

Monetary Policy and Balance Sheet Adjustment S. 227-233

„… over a period of eight centuries. The worst case scenario is one where all three sectors – that is, the …” „… only a “corridor of stability” was developed by Leijonhufvud (2009). In such a case, the economy might …” „… worked so well in the case of what they identify as a “mega-bubble burst”, then it would also work after …”

A New Paradigm for Monetary Policy? S. 206-221

„… situation as of today, the case for ending the period of zero interest rates becomes more and more …” „… be based on a model forecast.5 In the case of forward guidance, this has to be achieved over an …” „… policy regime has been extended to the question of the appropriate institutional arrangement. The case …”

Germany is Right: Bondholders Must Pay S. 129-130

„… ” will increase and “there is no alternative to a bailout” will become a permanent mantra. The case of …” „… extreme cases and after ad hoc decisions. Which authority will judge that the debt position of a country …”

Slithering to the Wrong Kind of Union S. 149-151

„… the euro – even in the case of permanent violations of the rules – will be saved at any price causes …” „… countries of their burden of a record of fiscal irresponsibility. A stronger case of free riding can hardly …”

The Euro: Does a Currency Need a State? S. 17-30

„… the case of the Deutschmark/lira exchange rate, by more than 30% – changed the terms of competition at …” „… the government debt criterion in the case of Belgium and Italy (over 100% instead of the “permissible …” „… countries could foster a sense of community. From an economist’s standpoint, one fails in any case to see …”

The Development of Monetary Policy in the 20th Century – Some Reflections S. 97-120

„… great inflation not happen in Germany (Issing, 2005c)? Discussing the “German case” one has to start …” „… ) could be designed, an idea which was so far adopted only in the case of New Zealand. To draw the …” „… rather cannot do – in the long run or in the case of structural unemployment. The most likely outcome of …”

Some Lessons from the Financial Market Crisis S. 75-88

„… securitization – without, in some cases, the originators retaining any risk or signalling its retention policy to …” „… Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. The shocking failure of the oversight regime in these cases is all the more …” „… proposals is entirely possible. 5 On a country level the case of “too big to fail” becomes relevant when the …”

Why a Common Eurozone Bond isn’t Such a Good Idea S. 68-71

„… “bill” would be, and in any case arguing about billions of euros – important as that is – misses the …” „… countries. It would be hard to find a clearer case of a free riding. And the argument that some countries …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… carries significant weight even beyond the national borders, and this remains the case to the present day …” „… ? ..................................................... 207 The Case for Political Union isn’t Convincing .................................... 215 A New …”

A Life of Accomplishments S. 321-322

„… all three cases, low inflation was soon restored. No other central bank did better. Your retirement …”

Higher German Wages are not the Solution S. 92-93

„… the labour market yet the argument is made that high unemployment strengthens the case for higher …”

New Financial Order: Recommendations by the Issing Committee S. 60-67

„… regional expertise as, for example, the ECB and the ESCB in the case of Europe. One key issue relates to …”

doi.org/10.15358/9783800652570

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