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Kai Ambos - Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

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Kai Ambos (ed.)

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

Series: Beck International

Volume 2022

Results in this title

Table of Cases S. 2931-3037

„… 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm Table of Cases A. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNALS …” „… ) ...................................................................................... 3008 Table of Cases 2932 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 39. Mejakić, Gruban, Fuštar and Knežević (IT …” „… 25. Nahimana et al. (Media case) (ICTR‐99‐52) ...................................... 3018 Table of …”

Article 19. Challenges to the jurisdiction of the Court or the admissibility of a case S. 1033-1091

„… admissibility of a case* 1. The Court shall satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction in any case brought before …” „… it. The Court may, on its own motion, determine the admissibility of a case in accordance with …” „… Article 17. 2. Challenges to the admissibility of a case on the grounds referred to in Article 17 or …”

Article 17. Issues of admissibility S. 945-1009

„… 10 of the Preamble and Article 1, the Court shall determine that a case is inadmissible where: (a …” „… ) The case is being investigated or prosecuted by a State which has jurisdiction over it, unless the …” „… State is unwilling or unable genuinely to carry out the investigation or prosecution; (b) The case has …”

Article 68. Protection of victims and witnesses and their participation in the proceedings S. 2001-2037

„… the Statute.’ (Case-Selection_Eng.pdf> last …” „… implemented in the case of a victim of sexual violence or a child who is a victim or a witness, unless …” „… Cases before the ICC (November 2016)

Article 71. Sanctions for misconduct before the Court S. 2108-2127

„… cases/contempt_hartmann/cis/en/cis_hartmann_en.pdf> accessed 5 Oct. 2020. 57 See e. g. the ICTY …” „… Publishing 2012); Hiéramente, M., ‘In the Case Prosecutor v. Defence: Der Haftbefehl gegen Bemba und …” „… enforce the ‘smooth running’ of the case before it, and thus upholds fair as well as effective criminal …”

Article 35. Service of judges S. 1430-1448

„… Ntaganda case impartially was not met (paras. 34 and 35). The plenary stated that a ‘case-specific …” „… permanent institution, would sit continuously or be convened only as and when required to consider a case …” „… its first case or indeed how heavy its future caseload would be; in that respect, a court in permanent …”

Article 63. Trial in the presence of the accused S. 1848-1885

„… , ultimately, led to provisions which are, at least in part, case-specific, and which do not indisputably …” „… Statute’, in Lee, ICC (1999) 238; Bradfield P., ‘In absentia trials at the ICC? The Banda case reawakens …” „… /in-absentia-trials-at-the-iccthe-banda-case-re-awakens/>, accessed 29 Oct. 2020; David, E., ‘Le tribunal international pénal pour l’ex- Yougoslavie …”

Article 57. Functions and powers of the Pre-Trial Chamber S. 1690-1710

„… task of examining case-sensitive telephone data. The information contained in the communications …” „… judges. (b) In all other cases, a single judge of the Pre-Trial Chamber may exercise the functions …” „… views of the State concerned, the Pre-Trial Chamber has determined in that case that the State is …”

Article 36. Qualifications, nomination and election of judges S. 1448-1460

„… of Rule 27 ICTY-RPE and the related problem of unforeseeable case-specific contamination in a small …” „… but shall in any case be a national of a State Party. (c) The Assembly of States Parties may decide to …” „… ’ circumstances, presumably mainly1 the development of the Court’s case load (argumentum e contrario from …”

Article 41. Excusing and disqualification of judges S. 1497-1508

„… any case in which his or her impartiality might reasonably be doubted on any ground. A judge shall be …” „… disqualified from a case in accordance with this paragraph if, inter alia, that judge has previously been …” „… involved in any capacity in that case before the Court or in a related criminal case at the national level …”

Article 61. Confirmation of the charges before trial S. 1761-1835

„… charges will be held. In that case, the person shall be represented by counsel where the Pre- Trial …” „… hearing of any amendment to or withdrawal of charges. In case of a withdrawal of charges, the Prosecutor …” „… : The Lubanga Case and National Law, (2009) 12 NCLRev 543; Ambos, K. and Miller, D., ‘Structure and …”

Article 90. Competing requests S. 2510-2519

„… determination that the case in respect of which surrender is sought is admissible and that determination takes …” „… shall not extradite the person until the Court has determined that the case is inadmissible. The Court’s …” „… determined that the case is admissible. 5. Where a case under paragraph 4 has not been determined to be …”

Article 64. Functions and powers of the Trial Chamber S. 1885-1931

„… the protection of victims and witnesses. 3. Upon assignment of a case for trial in accordance with …” „… this Statute, the Trial Chamber assigned to deal with the case shall: (a) Confer with the parties and …” „… ; Niv, A., ‘The Schizophrenia of the ‘No Case to Answer’ Test in International Criminal Tribunals …”

Article 89. Surrender of persons to the Court S. 2496-2510

„… admissibility. If the case is admissible, the requested State shall proceed with the execution of the request …” „… being transported; (ii) A brief statement of the facts of the case and their legal characterization; and …” „… ., ‘To cooperate or not to cooperate?: The Case of the Failed Transfer of Ntakirutimana to the Rwanda …”

Article 95. Postponement of execution of a request in respect of an admissibility challenge S. 2565-2570

„… refusal in the case of a challenge to admissibility. Reflecting the position of a number of States, the …” „… Draft Statute contained as Article 90(2) option 2(e)1 a ground of refusal in the case of an ongoing …” „… domestic investigation or prosecution, into the same matter, unless the case had already been ruled …”

Article 39. Chambers S. 1485-1492

„… years, and thereafter until the completion of any case the hearing of which has already commenced in the …” „… participated in the pre-trial phase of a case be eligible to sit on the Trial Chamber hearing that case …” „… cases, experience in the practice of law.1 The Presidency has confirmed that the language of this …”

Article 42. The Office of the Prosecutor S. 1508-1522

„… criminal cases. They shall have an excellent knowledge of and be fluent in at least one of the working …” „… a particular case. 7. Neither the Prosecutor nor a Deputy Prosecutor shall participate in any matter …” „… from a case in accordance with this paragraph if, inter alia, they have previously been involved in any …”

Article 65. Proceedings on an admission of guilt S. 1931-1949

„… ; and (c) The admission of guilt is supported by the facts of the case that are contained in: (i) The …” „… established, it shall consider the admission of guilt as not having been made, in which case it shall order …” „… the case to another Trial Chamber. 4. Where the Trial Chamber is of the opinion that a more complete …”

Article 87. Requests for cooperation: general provisions S. 2457-2492

„… Case Law of the ICTY (2003) 113; Jones, J.R.W.D., ‘The Implications of the Peace Agreement for the ICTY …” „… available to the Court in the case of non-compliance by a State Party or a non-State Party where the …” „… appropriate remedy in the case of non-cooperation by a State Party, the availability of any remedy with …”

Article 110. Review by the Court concerning reduction of sentence S. 2753-2764

„… 25 years in the case of life imprisonment, the Court shall review the sentence to determine whether …” „… judgements and orders of the Court in other cases, and in particular providing assistance in locating assets …” „… Austria, which shall in no case modify it’.7 The corresponding 1 Agreement between the ICC and the Federal …”

Article 3. Seat of the Court S. 49-98

„… case those obligations should collide or be incompatible with the host State’s obligations with a view …” „… the UN SC would, acting under Chapter VII, adopt a Resolution either referring or deferring a case to …” „… model applies in the case of the ICC. 5 The ICC concludes with the host State a HQA, to be approved by …”

Article 20. Ne bis in idem S. 1091-1129

„… the Relationship Between Article 50 Charter of Fundamental Rights and Article 54 CISA: Case Note on …” „… ) 105; El Zeidy, M.M., ‘Some Remarks on the Question of the Admissibility of a Case during Arrest …” „… Criminal Sanctions: of Scope and Restrictions: ECJ 20 Mar. 2018, Case C-524/15, Luca Menci ECJ 20 Mar. 2018 …”

Article 94. Postponement of execution of a request in respect of ongoing investigation or prosecution S. 2562-2565

„… ongoing investigation or prosecution of a case different from that to which the request relates, the …” „… the case where the requested State is conducting an investigation or prosecution of the same matter …” „… forms of 1 UN Doc. A/CONF.183/2/Add. 1 (1998), p. 170. 2 As in the case of Article 89(4), the national …”

Article 67. Rights of the accused S. 1966-2001

„… assigned by the Court in any case where the interests of justice so require, and without payment if the …” „… prosecution evidence. In case of doubt as to the application of this paragraph, the Court shall decide …” „… ., ‘Confidential Investigations (Article 54(3)(E) ICC Statute) vs. Disclosure Obligations: The Lubanga Case and …”

Article 84. Revision of conviction or sentence S. 2412-2427

„… committed, in that case, an act of serious misconduct or serious breach of duty of sufficient gravity to …” „… emerged that evidence was false or forged, or that one of the judges trying the case committed serious …” „… misconduct in the case. 2A provision for revision proceedings was included in the ILC Draft Statute 1994. The …”

Article 85. Compensation to an arrested or convicted person S. 2427-2439

„… paragraph 3 is intended to limit the right to compensation to cases of grave and manifest miscarriages of …” „… judgments in two cases envisaging the payment of compensation to accused persons, who had been found to have …” „… circumstances: in case of unlawful arrest or detention (para. 1); in case that a ‘final conviction’ is …”

Article 25. Individual criminal responsibility S. 1189-1247

„… ’, (2011) 9 JICJ 137; id., ‘Some Considerations on the Eichmann Case’, in: Ambos, K. et al. (eds …” „… : Talk!; id., ‘Omissions’, in Ambos et al., Core Concepts I (2020) 17; id., ‘The German Rwabukombe Case …” „… of Add. Prot. II Thereto in the Case Law of the ICTR’, (2002) 13 CLF 293; Blumenstock, T. and Pittman …”

Article 91. Contents of request for arrest and surrender S. 2519-2525

„… request for arrest and surrender shall be made in writing. In urgent cases, a request may be made by any …” „… channel provided for in Article 87, paragraph 1 (a). 2. In the case of a request for the arrest and …” „… account the distinct nature of the Court. 3. In the case of a request for the arrest and surrender of a …”

Article 54. Duties and powers of the Prosecutor with respect to investigations S. 1646-1660

„… Obligations: The Lubanga Case and National Law’, (2009) 12 NCLRev 543; Buisman, C., ‘The Prosecutor’s …” „… Lubanga Case’, (2009) 14 JILFAff 207. Content mn. A. Introduction/General remarks …” „… . This approach makes good sense in light of the complexity of the cases that the Court adjudicates …”

Article 13. Exercise of jurisdiction S. 834-853

„… Cases’, in Jalloh and Bantekas, ICC and Africa (2017) 138; Kirsch, P. and Holmes, J.T., ‘The Rome …” „… ................................................................................................ ................ 28 A. Introduction/General remarks 1 The issue of how a case would be initiated, the so-called …” „… that only States with a direct interest in the case, such as the custodial State, the territorial State …”

Article 12. Preconditions to the exercise of jurisdiction S. 805-834

„… to the crimes referred to in Article 5. 2. In the case of Article 13, paragraph (a) or (c), the Court …” „… Abu Ghraib/Rumsfeld Case’, (2007) 18 CLF 43; id., ‘Prosecuting Guantánamo in Europe: Can and Shall the …” „… ?’, (2009) 42 CaseWesternResJIL 405; Buchan, R., ‘The Mavi Marmara Incident and the International Criminal …”

Article 70. Offences against the administration of justice S. 2089-2108

„… ) Upon request by the Court, whenever it deems it proper, the State Party shall submit the case to its …” „… competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution. Those authorities shall treat such cases with …” „… , cases-international-criminal-court> accessed 19 Feb. 2020; Roberts, G., ‘Article 70 – Offences against the administration of justice …”

Article 46. Removal from office S. 1547-1557

„… this effect is made in accordance with paragraph 2, in cases where that person: (a) Is found to have …” „… under paragraph 1 shall be made by the Assembly of States Parties, by secret ballot: (a) In the case of …” „… two-thirds majority of the other judges; (b) In the case of the Prosecutor, by an absolute majority of the …”

Article 72. Protection of national security information S. 2127-2174

„… article applies in any case where the disclosure of the information or documents of a State would, in the …” „… opinion of that State, prejudice its national security interests. Such cases include those falling within …” „… 67, paragraph 2, Article 68, paragraph 6, Article 87, paragraph 6 and Article 93, as well as cases …”

Article 21. Applicable law S. 1129-1149

„… 22; Boas, G. and Schabas, W., ICL: Developments in the Case Law of the ICTY (2003); Cassese, A., ‘The …” „… Solution on Immunities in the Bashir Case’ (6 May 2019) Spreading the Jam case> accessed 14 Feb. 2019; Kreß, C., ‘Preliminary Observations on the ICC AC’s Judgment of 6 May 2019 …”

Article 18. Preliminary rulings regarding admissibility S. 1009-1033

„… may challenge the admissibility of a case under Article 19 on the grounds of additional significant …” „… . ‘may challenge the admissibility of a case’........................................... 67 3 …” „… have simultaneously asserted jurisdiction over the same situation or case, the Court must yield to …”

Article 101. Rule of speciality S. 2684-2697

„… , these rights and interests do not deserve here the same weight as in extradition cases between sovereign …” „… , the principle of speciality has been invoked in its jurisprudence in very few cases only and in none …” „… of these cases it has been regarded as applicable (cf. mn. 12, 19–22). 9 It seems that the …”

Article 96. Contents of request for other forms of assistance under Article 93 S. 2570-2575

„… . In urgent cases, a request may be made by any medium capable of delivering a written record, provided …” „… . Paragraph 1: Requests in writing, urgent cases and their confirmation …” „… writing, urgent cases and their confirmation 2The provision states that, as a rule, requests for …”

Article 28. Responsibility of commanders and other superiors S. 1280-1323

„… effective command and control, or effective authority and control as the case may be, as a result of his or …” „… Responsibility: A Case Study of Alleged Violations of the Laws of War at Khiam Detention Centre’, (2002) 7 JCSL …” „… Necessary and 1280 Arnold/Jackson 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm Reasonable Measures” – the Bemba Case and …”

Article 31. Grounds for excluding criminal responsibility S. 1347-1382

„… person acts reasonably to defend himself or herself or another person or, in the case of war crimes …” „… for in this Statute to the case before it. 3. At trial, the Court may consider a ground for excluding …” „… Hissène Habré Case’ (2003) 1 JICJ 186; Gless et al., in: Ambos et al., Core Concepts II (2022) forthcoming …”

Article 74. Requirements for the decision S. 2190-2240

„… Presidency may, on a case-by-case basis, designate, as available, one or more alternate judges to be present …” „… situations and cases by the OTP of the ICC’, in Stahn, Practice (2015) 350; Guerrero Palomares, S., El …” „… principio acusatorio (Thomson Reuters 2nd ed. 2009); Guilfoyle, D., ‘A Tale of Two Cases: Lessons for the …”

Article 75. Reparations to victims S. 2240-2263

„… the Torture Conv., an exemplary case is represented by the civil action brought by the government of …” „… , or degrading treatment of punishment.’ Cf. in re Federal Office for Police Matters, Case lA.87/1997 …” „… the Court itself may make requests of co-operation to States on a case-by-case basis in order to …”

Article 103. Role of States in enforcement of sentences of imprisonment S. 2701-2722

„… in a particular case shall promptly inform the Court whether it accepts the Court’s designation. 2 …” „… headquarters agreement referred to in Article 3, paragraph 2. In such a case, the costs arising out of the …” „… the ICC Statute. 4 It should be with the States Parties to scrutinize in each case whether the …”

Article 81. Appeal against decision of acquittal or conviction or against sentence S. 2317-2367

„… appealing, the release may be subject to the conditions under subparagraph (c) below; (c) In case of an …” „… ., International Criminal Procedure (2013) 939; Bradfield, P., ‘No case to answer? Show me the (Standard of) Proof …” „… /no-case-to-answer-show-me-the-standard-of-proof/> accessed 5 Apr. 2020; Brady, H. and Jennings, M., ‘Appeal and Revision’, in: Lee ICC (1999) 294 …”

Article 50. Official and working languages S. 1576-1586

„… French. The Rules of Procedure and Evidence shall determine the cases in which other official languages …” „… , Russian and Spanish, in certain cases, while maintaining English and French as the working languages.3 …” „… appropriate on a case by case basis.16 All STL decisions must be rendered in English or French and fundamental …”

Article 76. Sentencing S. 2263-2273

„… ..................................................................... 3 2. Procedure in case of guilty plea …” „… case, it remains to be seen how the future practice of the Court will deal with this question. 4The …” „… in some cases.11 The Ad Hoc Tribunals held separate sentencing hearings and issued distinct …”

Article 55. Rights of persons during an investigation S. 1660-1677

„… does not have legal assistance, to have legal assistance assigned to him or her, in any case where the …” „… interests of justice so require, and without payment by the person in any such case if the person does not …” „… ’, in: Boas, G. and Schabas, W.A. (eds.), ICL: Development in the Case Law of the ICTY (2003) 51; Friman …”

Article 99. Execution of requests under Articles 93 and 96 S. 2672-2681

„… assist in the execution process. 2. In the case of an urgent request, the documents or evidence produced …” „… ; (b) In other cases, the Prosecutor may execute such request following consultations with the …” „… .................................................................... 29 b) Other cases subject to any reasonable conditions or concerns.. 31 3. Enhanced cooperation …”

Article 93. Other forms of cooperation S. 2529-2562

„… ; and b. The questioning of any person detained by order of the Court; (ii) In the case of assistance …” „… .................................................................................... 42 III. Paragraph 3: Consultations in case of a conflicting fundamental legal principle …” „… cases that will be investigated and prosecuted by the ICC, these were essential characteristics for the …”

Article 119. Settlement of disputes S. 2846-2855

„… conformity with the Statute of that Court. Literature: Clark, R.S., ‘The Case against the Bomb’, in: R.S …” „… . Clark and M. Sann (eds.), The Case Against The Bomb: Marshall Islands, Samoa and Solomon Islands Before …” „… Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (Sijthoff 1971); Leary, V., ‘The WHO Case: Implications for …”

Article 69. Evidence S. 2037-2089

„… evidence relevant to the case, in accordance with Article 64. The Court shall have the authority to request …” „… ” ......................................................................... 40 2. ‘evidence relevant to the case …” „… on evidentiary matters. 9The admissibility of evidence in cases of sexual violence was one of the …”

Article 32. Mistake of fact or mistake of law S. 1382-1405

„… Rapporteur referred to the High Command and the I.G. Farben cases, in which 4 See, for instance, Triffterer …” „… Military Tribunal in Case No. 1, 19 Aug. 1947. 9 For details see Nill-Theobald, ‘Defences’ (1998) 342 with …” „… ’.15 The cases mentioned and the ensuing discussion illustrated the difficulty of and the sophisticated …”

Article 7. Crimes against humanity S. 135-317

„… National and International Law: The WW I Armenian Case and its Contemporary Legal Ramifications’, (1989) 14 …” „… : Responsibilities and Reparations’, (1981) RevContemporaryL 31; Grey, R., ‘The ICC’s First “Forced Pregnancy” Case …” „… Parties think it right to declare that, in cases not included in the Regulations adopted by them …”

Article 60. Initial proceedings before the Court S. 1747-1761

„… treaties go and this is clearly the case in many jurisdictions.18 The reason for this flows from the …” „… . The European Parliament has called for the Commission to revisit the case for establishing standards …” „… only by the imagination of the judges and may be tailored to the specifics of the case falling for …”

Article 97. Consultations S. 2575-2585

„… case of a request for surrender, the fact that despite best efforts, the person sought cannot be …” „… efforts on the part of the Court and the State. In a case where such a cooperative approach does not yield …” „… of a request from the Court. The rule applies also to those cases where the denial of the execution …”

Article 77. Applicable penalties S. 2273-2290

„… background they supported the inclusion of the death penalty, or in some cases life imprisonment, as a …” „… themselves explicitly specify what the heaviest penalty of imprisonment may be, leading in the case of the …” „… Military Prison in Spandau-Berlin, applications were made for his release. His case was ultimately brought …”

Article 14. Referral of a situation by a State Party S. 853-881

„… Lord’s Resistance Army Case: Uganda’s Submission of the First State Referral to the International …” „… Panacea to Patient’, (2010) 8 JICJ 1267; Rastan, R., ‘Situation and case: defining the parameters’, in …” „… documentation as is available to the complainant State. 4. In a case in which Article 23(1) applies, a complaint …”

Article 62. Place of trial S. 1835-1848

„… ., ‘Domestic Prosecution of International Crimes: The Case of Rwanda’, in: Werle et al., Africa (2014) 79 …” „… logistical difficulties6 or because the removal was simply deemed too costly.7 In the Ruto/Sang-case, a …” „… ‘Taylor’-case to the facilities of the ICC in The Hague.9 II. Historical development 5Courts sitting for trial …”

Article 27. Irrelevance of official capacity S. 1255-1280

„… representative or a government official shall in no case exempt a person from criminal responsibility under this …” „… Rights: The Pinochet Case’, (1999) 10 EJIL 237; Bower, A., ‘Contesting the ICC: Bashir, Kenyatta, and the …” „… for International Crimes? Some Comments on the Congo v. Belgium Case’, (2002) 13 EJIL 853; Frulli, M …”

Article 11. Jurisdiction ratione temporis S. 785-805

„… 39 provided that an accused would not be held guilty: (a) in the case of genocide, aggression, war …” „… international law’; and (b) in the case of other treaty crimes ‘unless the treaty in question was applicable to …” „… can be overcome by a Security Council referral, this is not the case for the Court’s temporal …”

Article 98. Cooperation with respect to waiver of immunity and consent to surrender S. 2585-2672

„… , B.I., ‘L’absence d’immunité des agents de l’Etat en cas de crime international: Pourquoi en débattre …” „… ; Bianchi, A., ‘Immunity versus Human Rights: The Pinochet Case’, (1999) 10 EJIL 237; Blommestijn, M. and …” „… State Officials in International Law: Some Comments on the Djibouti v. France Case’, (2009) 22 LeidenJIL …”

Article 8bis. Crime of aggression S. 686-727

„… questions.......................................................................... 65 bb) Contentious cases …” „… Understanding aims at discouraging States from proceeding with domestic cases for the commission of the crime of …” „… . Zimmermann/Freiburg-Braun 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm providing for criminal responsibility in case of attempt, does …”

Article 48. Privileges and immunities S. 1561-1571

„… of the Member States and a Headquarters Agreement (‘HA’) with the host State.2 In the case of the …” „… essentially adopts the description of international personality set forth by the ICJ in the Reparation4 case …” „… /Res. 1. 7 ICC-BD/04-01-08. 8 See Reparation case, (1949) ICJ Rep., para. 179, where the ICJ stated …”

Article 83. Proceedings on appeal S. 2384-2412

„… ‘the appeals chamber should re-examine the case in its entirety’ and the ‘right to appeal should be …” „… remedy in such a case will depend on the circumstances, in particular the extent of insufficient or …” „… lacking reasoning. In particular, in cases where the lack of reasoning is extensive, the Appeals Chamber …”

Article 9. Elements of Crimes S. 727-756

„… , Accessorial Modes (2012). The task has been left, not altogether satisfactorily, to the case-law. A United …” „… but also by international case law. Thus, for instance, the European Court of Human Rights has …” „… in the Kokkinakis case, where it stated that: ‘… an offence must be clearly defined by law. This …”

Article 53. Initiation of an investigation S. 1623-1646

„… jurisdiction of the Court has been or is being committed; (b) The case is or would be admissible under Article …” „… case is inadmissible under Article 17; or (c) A prosecution is not in the interests of justice, taking …” „… Security Council in a case under Article 13, paragraph (b), of his or her conclusion and the reasons for …”

Article 82. Appeal against other decisions S. 2367-2384

„… and Recent Cases’, (2001) 3 J. Appellate Practice and Process 589; Eckelmans, F., ‘The First …” „… proceedings have taken, many issues may have become moot or irrelevant. Nevertheless, in some cases, early …” „… trial proceedings on certain allegations of fact. It may also avoid a situation in which a complex case …”

Article 8. War crimes S. 317-686

„… eye with corrective eyesight devices. (c) In the case of an armed conflict not of an international …” „… ) The special case of ‘voluntary’ human shields............................... 730 c) Jurisprudence of …” „… (2002) 23; Crawford, E., ‘Unequal before the Law: The Case for the Elimination of the Distinction …”

Article 56. Role of the Pre-Trial Chamber in relation to a unique investigative opportunity S. 1677-1690

„… Pre-Trial Chamber. (b) In that case, the Pre-Trial Chamber may, upon request of the Prosecutor, take such …” „… of a warrant of arrest (in which case, counsel may be appointed to represent the interests 4 …” „… cross-examination in the case of a witness that will not be available at trial (depositions). The rationale …”

Article 86. General obligation to cooperate S. 2452-2457

„… State’s Experience of Cooperation with the ICC: The Case of Belgium’, in: Bekou and Birkett (eds …” „… glaring cases of non-cooperation particularly with the arrest and surrender of persons sought by the Court …” „… .7 This has been the case, in particular, in situations referred to the Court by the SC and in …”

Article 26. Exclusion of jurisdiction over persons under eighteen S. 1247-1255

„… .8 fact which the Red Army tribunal hearing the case noted and considered as a partly mitigating …” „… the framework for penalties, it included newly bracketed sentencing proposals. In the case of ‘[… a …” „… trial. If evaluated at all, the Prosecutor right from the beginning of the case is endowed with the …”

Article 24. Non-retroactivity ratione personae S. 1175-1189

„… . 2. In the event of a change in the law applicable to a given case prior to a final judgment, the law …” „… . ........................ 29 II. Article 24(2) – In the event of a change in the law applicable to a given case prior to a …” „… ................................................................................... 36 2. The law applicable to a given case......................................................... 42 …”

Article 33. Superior orders and prescription of law S. 1405-1423

„… ...................................................................... 30 2. Additional cases …” „… ) 494 with further references. 5 According to the judgement in the Hostage Case, for instance, a …” „… . (Hostage Case), 19 Feb. 1948, in: US GPO, TWC xi (1997) 1236–1237; thereto Jescheck, Verantwortlichkeit …”

Article 52. Regulations of the Court S. 1608-1623

„… Registry shall be drawn up by the 1 For instance, in the case of the ICTY, in addition to that Tribunal’s …” „… constraints it continues to face’.6 As in the case of the ICC, the most important rules are contained in the …” „… ’ (Regulation 55(1)). In the Lubanga case, the defendant challenged this Regulation on the ground that the …”

Article 58. Issuance by the Pre-Trial Chamber a warrant of arrest or a summons to appear S. 1710-1732

„… ., ‘Some Remarks on the Question of the Admissibility of a Case during Arrest Warrant Proceedings before …” „… Warrant for Genocide’, (2010) Merkourious – Criminal Justice and Human Rights Case Note, 27, 61; Roper …” „… case-law for the third and fourth editions. Cedric Ryngaert thanks Raluca Racasan and Yulan Weeres for …”

Article 38. The Presidency S. 1474-1485

„… Judges who obtained the greatest number of votes on the first ballot. In the case of equality of votes on …” „… conclude organ specific agreements.22 It is also the President who, in case of a finding of non-cooperation …” „… change the place of the proceedings in a particular case and to sit in a State other than the host State …”

Article 29. Non-applicability of statute of limitations S. 1323-1328

„… French Cour de Cassation determined, in the Barbie case, that the prohibition on statutory limitations …” „… given flexible power to make a determination on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the right of …” „… case of war crimes.16 Interestingly, of the several draft proposals, non-suggested that the Statute …”

Article 109. Enforcement of fines and forfeiture measures S. 2747-2753

„… systems with respect to the priority given various categories of creditors. 8 While the case of a debt for …” „… the Statute, and would be subject to the normal sanctions for such cases. But pursuant to Article 109 …” „… fide third parties are to be considered in the case of forfeiture, but a contrario not in the case of …”

Article 6. Genocide S. 117-135

„… need to be decided by the Court on a case-by-case basis’. 15 UN Doc. A/CONF.183/C.1/SR.3, paras. 2, 18 …” „… unnecessary addition to a well-accepted definition, with no basis in case law or in the travaux of the …” „… Convention24. Israel however made the quite compelling point that it was hard to conceive of a case of …”

Article 66. Presumption of innocence S. 1949-1966

„… is for the prosecution to inform the accused of the case that will be made against him, so that he …” „… who are being sentenced, or whose cases are on appeal. A contrary conclusion is suggested, however, by …” „… proceedings, while the Prosecutor is not obliged to remain silent on ongoing cases, the presumption of …”

Article 34. Organs of the Court S. 1423-1430

„… where in each case the same broad functions are to be carried out’. The same comment is apt when …” „… would be the function of the prosecutorial organ to investigate cases, prepare indictments and prosecute …” „… cases presented to its Trial Chambers, and consider appeals from the Trial Chambers in its Appeals …”

Article 92. Provisional arrest S. 2525-2529

„… 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm Article 92 Provisional arrest 1. In urgent cases, the Court may …” „… case, the requested State shall proceed to surrender the person to the Court as soon as possible. 4 …” „… ................................................................................................ ...... 3 1. Urgent cases …”

Article 105. Enforcement of the sentence S. 2725-2728

„… imprisonment shall be binding on the States Parties, which shall in no case modify it. 2. The Court alone shall …” „… ’ ................................................................... 4 2. ‘The sentence of imprisonment shall be binding on States Parties, which shall in no case modify …” „… conditions about the length of imprisonment in the case of States that have general constitutional or …”

Article 22. Nullum crimen sine lege S. 1149-1170

„… definition of a crime shall be strictly construed and shall not be extended by analogy. In case of ambiguity …” „… v. Estonia Case Before the ECHR’, (2006) 4 JICJ 410; Catenacci, M., ‘The Principle of Legality’, in …” „… extensions by analogy ........................................................................ 39 3. Case of …”

Article 40. Independence of the judges S. 1492-1497

„… vexed question, though they do not, by far, exhaust the problem. However, as the case law of the ad hoc …” „… judges in a position to act according to their conscience and the justice of the case, free from …” „… Trial Chamber I of 14 Jul. 2009 in the case of ICC, The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, pursuant to …”

Article 107. Transfer of the person upon completion of sentence S. 2734-2739

„… is the same as the person‘s State of nationality, as has been the case for the first two individuals …” „… took place. Article 108 has already been invoked in the Katanga case.9 B. Analysis and interpretation …” „… defendants sentenced to imprisonment in the Bemba et al case were never transferred to any State, because the …”

Article 44. Staff S. 1534-1544

„… such qualified staff as may be required to their respective offices. In the case of the Prosecutor …” „… personnel was limited only to the specific case for which those services were requested ‘for the duration of …” „… ’ that case.2 The Preparatory Committee’s Final Draft substantially revised this framework and provided …”

Article 88. Availability of procedures under national law S. 2492-2496

„… Kreß et al., Rome Statute II (2005) 57; Sluiter, G., ‘To cooperate or not to cooperate?: The Case of …” „… 205, and Sluiter (1998) 12 LeidenJIL 383, of a case of failure to cooperate with the ICTR. Here the …” „… case the action may be prohibited on the basis of a fundamental legal principle. 6 ICC, Prosecutor v …”

Article 104. Change in designation of State of enforcement S. 2722-2725

„… State Party, but this need not necessarily be the case. In case where the ICC decided to transfer to a …” „… a prison of another State”;1 if this is the case, the Presidency shall notify the sentenced person …” „… Ad Hoc Agreement, mutatis mutandis, in the case of Mr Germain Katanga. See Prosecutor v. Thomas …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… complemented with further resources, especially a Table of Cases. The Commentary continues to offer a detailed …” „… through emerging ICC case law, their impact on International Criminal Law (‘ICL’), and their relation with …” „… : First, to update the case law, especially of the ICC; second, to take into account most important …”

Article 16. Deferral of investigation or prosecution S. 933-945

„… , ‘consistent with the provisions of Article 16 of the Rome Statute, that the ICC, if a case arises involving …” „… case, unless the Security Council decides otherwise’.32 The resolution also expressed ‘the intention to …” „… used to exclude the referral of individual cases for investigation.48 The Statute is silent on whether …”

Article 23. Nulla poena sine lege S. 1170-1175

„… prohibit the death penalty in the case of ‘the most serious crimes …’.4 The ECtHR has ruled that capital …” „… does not set out precise sentences, as is the case in some national codes. According to the Chamber …” „… the degree of gravity. Be it a common law system or a civil law system, it is not the case that …”

Article 73. Third-party information or documents S. 2174-2190

„… information which was received by it on a confidential basis. In such cases, the focus shifts from the * The …” „… disclosure to the Court or, in the case of information it considers prejudicial to its national security, to …” „… international organization by virtue of an international agreement’, in which case, similar to Article 73, ‘the …”

Article 111. Escape S. 2764-2767

„… another State designated by the Court. 1 In case of escape during the enforcement term, this article …” „… . Of course, the Court itself may request the person’s surrender. In this case Article 91(3) will be …” „… , accessed 20 Mar. 2020, Article 12, entitled ‘Escape’. In the case of the DRC Ad Hoc …”

Article 128. Authentic texts S. 2926-2931

„… differences between the language versions of the Statute exist. Different Chambers have, in such cases …” „… a treaty is accepted in public international law and the case law of the ICJ if the parties presumed …” „… and lex scripta, comes into play. In such a case the more favourable text to the suspect or accused …”

Article 120. Reservations S. 2855-2871

„… . In the latter case, the integral nature of the treaty is sacrificed for a larger participation. In …” „… The reasons given by dissenting ICJ judges in the Reservations to the GenC case are also applicable to …” „… ’. 19 The most frequent case of such other unilateral declarations are interpretative declarations which …”

Article 108. Limitation on the prosecution or punishment of other offences S. 2739-2747

„… : a) A statement of the facts of the case and their legal characterization; b) A copy of any …” „… contemplated in the Ntuyahaga case does not appear to have been envisaged by the Statute‘s drafters at Rome …” „… . Under Rule 11bis ICTY and ICTR RPE, as amended, it was possible to refer cases to national jurisdictions …”

Article 30. Mental element S. 1328-1347

„… can address real world cases involving persons with high levels of culpability in relation to grave …” „… Chamber I, in the Mbarushimana case, held that for an ‘intentional contribution’ under Article 25(3)(d …” „… in ICC jurisprudence, particularly in the Bemba et al case.22 3. ‘material elements’ 10The ‘material …”

Article 10 S. 756-785

„… Analysis of the ICC Office of the Prosecutor’s Policy Paper on Case Selection and Prioritization from the …” „… . Schabas (eds.), ICL Developments in the Case Law of the ICTY (Martinus Nijhoff 2003) 35; Bos, ‘1948–1998 …” „… Missions Possibly Render a Case Inadmissible for the ICC?: Remarks on the Ongoing Attempts to Include …”

Article 15. Prosecutor S. 881-899

„… reasonable basis to proceed with an investigation, and that the case appears to fall within the jurisdiction …” „… subsequent determinations by the Court with regard to the jurisdiction and admissibility of a case. 5. The …” „… ; Page size: 160.00mm was suggested that a case initiated by the Prosecutor be submitted to a chamber of …”

Index S. 3037-3064

„… Hoc Committee proposal 17 5 ff. – burden of proof 17 36 ff. – challenge of the admissibility of a case …” „… of ‘genuinely’ 17 41 ff. – meaning of ‘same case’ 17 31 ff. – Preparatory Committee’s Draft 17 10 ff …” „… work of Chambers 38 21 ff. – presidency 38 19 ff. Admissibility of a case 17 1 ff. Admission of guilt …”

Article 1. The Court S. 17-26

„… the Admissibility of the Case against Abdullah Al-Senussi’, (2014) 53 ILM 273; Bassiouni, M. (ed …” „… Case or Imposing Criminal Liability on Corporations in International Criminal Law’, (2010) 8 JICJ 909 …” „… proceedings based on such a provision, or in the case of multiple charges based on the same facts remove any …”

Article 102. Use of terms S. 2697-2701

„… limitations – in almost all cases of constitutional character – on the extradition of nationals. Some of these …” „… as one argument in this respect, as it has happened in the emerging constitutional case law on the …” „… Ukraine of 11 Jul. 2001 in the Case of the Rome Statute (for an analysis, see Safarov, in Kreß et al …”

Article 80. Non-prejudice to national application of penalties and national laws S. 2311-2317

„… punishment has also been invoked in this connection, see the discussion of the Soering case in Merrills …” „… , Development (1993) 81–82. One of the issues discussed in that case was whether in view of evolving practice in …” „… in many cases be a penalty commensurate with the gravity of these crimes. Moreover, without the …”

Article 78. Determination of the sentence S. 2290-2302

„… authority as an element’.23 It is similarly prohibited to double-count mitigating factors. In the ICTY case …” „… of the case and of the degree of participation of the convicted person.37 There is no preestablished …” „… the gravity assessment on a case-by-case basis.38 Nevertheless, the sentencing jurisprudence offers …”

Article 122. Amendments to provisions of an institutional nature S. 2891-2896

„… months after their adoption by the Assembly or, as the case may be, the Conference. Literature: Ambach, P …” „… or trial of criminal cases. They shall have an excellent knowledge of and be fluent in at least one …” „… amendments, and this is the case under Article 121, the general amendment provision in the Statute.21 Here …”

Preamble S. 1-17

„… complementarity ‘to national criminal justice systems in cases where such trial procedures may not be available or …” „… only need to be considered in cases of doubt, as mentioned by the ILC in its commentary.19 Since the …” „… Case, ICC-01/04-01/07-1497, 25 Sep. 2009, para. 78 (determining the admissibility criteria ‘[with …”

Article 4. Legal status and powers of the Court S. 98-107

„… consequence must be noted: The Court in this case most certainly would not have possessed an international …” „… Chamber then continued to examine the preconditions for the exercise of jurisdiction in the case in …” „… further proceedings in this case will refer to this point again and whether the Court will provide further …”

Article 51. Rules of Procedure and Evidence S. 1586-1608

„… Parties. 3. After the adoption of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, in urgent cases where the Rules do …” „… )) and in providing that the Statute prevails over the Rules in case of conflict between them (Article …” „… legal systems (see mn. 46–47): this was the case notably with disclosure and with the participation of …”

Article 100. Costs S. 2681-2684

„… , apply to requests from States Parties to the Court. In that case, the Court shall bear the ordinary …” „… provision takes into account that in cases over which the Court will have jurisdiction, the testimony of a …” „… for personnel of the Court are within the responsibility of the Court. This is the case also when …”

Article 37. Judicial vacancies S. 1460-1474

„… , for example in cases of resignation, accepted excuse, disqualification, removal from office or death …” „… answer as to what the Court could do to resolve this. In such cases, reference may be had to the …” „… after making the solemn undertaking, i. e. whether it is a case of unwillingness or inability for …”

Article 59. Arrest proceedings in the custodial State S. 1732-1747

„… law of the requested State. In such a case, the requested State shall proceed to surrender the person …” „… the ASP.9 Furthermore, in case the person has been present on the territory of the third State before …” „… expeditious proceedings and the Court may be reluctant to resort to Article 87(7) except in cases involving …”

Article 127. Withdrawal S. 2922-2926

„… withdraw on any grounds, ‘good’ or ‘bad’. In the case of the Specialized Agencies, a custom developed that …” „… later date 3A State may make a notification at any time, but except in those cases to which Article 121 …” „… ‘cooperation’ provision in the Statute, Article 86: ‘…in the specific case of proceedings triggered proprio …”

Article 2. Relationship of the Court with the United Nations S. 26-49

„… . Disclosure Obligations: The Lubanga Case and National Law’, (2009) 12 NCLRev, 543; Amnesty International, The …” „… Lubanga Case and Cooperation between the UN and the ICC’, (2012) 10 Journal of International Criminal …” „… Court was actively engaged in altogether twenty-eight cases in eleven situations. Preliminary …”

Article 45. Solemn undertaking S. 1544-1547

„… accordance with paragraph 2, in cases where that person: (a) Is found to have committed serious misconduct or …” „… made by the Assembly of States Parties, by secret ballot: (a) In the case of a judge, by a two-thirds …” „… ; (b) In the case of the Prosecutor, by an absolute majority of the States Parties; (c) In the case of …”

Article 47. Disciplinary measures S. 1557-1561

„… are to be applied in cases of ‘misconduct of a less serious nature than that set out in Article 46 …” „… proceedings;11 prohibit public comment on pending cases;12 and prohibit the contemporaneous exercise of …” „… Registrar or Deputy Registrar. In case of the Prosecutor, Rule 30 states that ‘any decision to impose a …”

Article 106. Supervision of enforcement of sentences and conditions of imprisonment S. 2728-2734

„… prisoners; in no case shall such conditions be more or less favourable than those available to prisoners …” „… . ‘[I]n no case shall conditions be more or less favourable than those available to prisoners convicted of …” „… .22 2. ‘[I]n no case shall conditions be more or less favourable than those available to prisoners …”

Article 15bis. Exercise of jurisdiction over the crime of aggression (State referral, proprio motu) S. 899-927

„… aggression, while in most, if not all, cases triggering State responsibility as a matter of general …” „… aggression, although in most cases, though not necessarily, both will coincide. 2. ‘with respect to crimes of …” „… taken at a meeting of the Assembly of States Parties (as it was the case) or, should the opportunity …”

Article 121. Amendments S. 2871-2891

„… and 123 of the Rome Statute’, (2009) 41 CaseWesternResJIL 2–3 413; id., ‘Amendments to the Rome …” „… ; Fox, H., ‘Article 31(3)(A) and (B) of the VCLT and the Kasikili/Sedudu Island Case’, in: M …” „… accession’. In the case of amendments pursuant to Article 121, there is no expectation of signature and a …”

Article 49. Salaries, allowances and expenses S. 1571-1576

„… permitting a non-full time judge of the court to continue to serve in order to finish a case, while also …” „… complete the trial and sentencing in her assigned case.23 The ICJ Statute (Article 16(1)) similarly …” „… without commenting on pending cases.27 Furthermore, judges may accept gifts, advantages, privilege or …”

Article 118. Annual audit S. 2842-2846

„… , R.S., ‘The Case against the Bomb’, in: R.S. Clark and M. Sann (eds.), The Case Against The Bomb …” „… 1971); Leary, V., ‘The WHO Case: Implications for Specialised Agencies’, in: L.B. de Chazournes and P …”

Article 112. Assembly of States Parties S. 2767-2811

„… general debate upon invitation by the Assembly on a case-by-case basis (‘Invited States’).16 The same goes …” „… : 160.00mm in the case of other international organizations including tribunals, it was considered …” „… ensuing election by States will be much more focused on ICC-related core skills than has been the case …”

Article 79. Trust Fund S. 2302-2311

„… activities. Moreover, reparations orders have now been made in proceedings at the ICC in the cases of Lubanga …” „… for which priority is to be determined. In the context of the Lubanga case, the Registry addressed …” „… awards to victims. In cases where the Court identifies each beneficiary, the Board of Directors shall …”

Article 43. The Registry S. 1522-1534

„… case of death of the Registrar or a Deputy Registrar, the Presidency must inform the President of the …” „… ‘shifted the emphasis of its work from ensuring effective investigation and prosecution to sensitive cases …” „… the fact that family members in some cases will be accompanying these victims and witnesses to the …”

Article 15ter. Exercise of jurisdiction over the crime of aggression (Security Council referral) S. 927-933

„… line with the regular jurisdictional scheme otherwise applying in case of Security Council referrals …” „… , as provided for in Article 13(b). Not the least, this holds true for the fact that in case of a …” „… reference to the Court, exercising its jurisdiction ‘in accordance with Article 13, paragraph (b)’ in case …”

Article 5. Crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court S. 107-117

„… size: 160.00mm This is e. g. the case for the crime of apartheid, listed as a crime against humanity,6 …” „… other under existing bi- or multilateral arrangements.24 11As in the case of terrorism,25 Resolution E …” „… crimes against humanity, too, should be included in the Statute. Unlike the case of genocide, the exact …”

Article 113. Financial Regulations S. 2811-2817

„… ) In case of a Security Council referral pursuant to Article 13(b) of the Statute: should the UN (be …” „… from its own funds collected from voluntary contributions (in case of indigence or lack of sufficient …” „… reparation awards in different cases before the ICC at …”

Article 114. Payment of expenses S. 2817-2820

„… reparation awards from its own funds collected from voluntary contributions (in case of indigence or lack of …” „… reparation awards in different cases before the ICC at …”

Article 124. Transitional Provision S. 2905-2915

„… Statute entered into force in accordance with Article 126 of the Statute, i. e. 1 Jul. 2002. In case of a …” „… relevance for those 10 See in that regard the decision of the ICJ in the Case Concerning the Application of …” „… withdraw its ‘reservation’ by a corresponding declaration ad hoc for a specific case. F. Addressee of the …”

Article 115. Funds of the Court and of the Assembly of States Parties S. 2820-2832

„… in both cases to be used for additional activities. In the case of fines and seizures, there is no …” „… budget on a more accurate basis than would be the case for Assembly sessions taking place earlier in the …” „… operating expenses cannot always be linked to a particular case or trial. Nevertheless, it should not be …”

Part 12: Financing S. 2811

„… ) In case of a Security Council referral pursuant to Article 13(b) of the Statute: should the UN (be …”

Article 123. Review of the Statute S. 2896-2905

„… Clauses (2003) 106. 12 Ibid.; Schabas, ICC Commentary (2016) 1512. 13 Ibid. (‘In such cases, the term …” „… force of amendments done through a Review Conference as is the case with those done through the ASP. It …”

Article 125. Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession S. 2915-2919

„… case with many treaties entered into force under UN auspices, and a number entered into force during …”

Article 116. Voluntary contributions S. 2832-2837

„… case, for example, if the prospective donor makes acceptance of the donation subject to conditions that …”

Article 117. Assessment of contribution S. 2837-2842

„… change of assessment, and cases of arrears of payment of assessments. 9 The Court has indeed made the …”

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Thomas M. J. Möllers

Legal Methods

Series: Beck International

Volume 2021

Results in this title

Table of Cases S. 557-567

„… Table of Cases1 German Courts Supreme Court of the German Empire Criminal matters RG, Judgment of …” „… distance (chapter 7 mn. 38) 1 Cases were only included in the table if they contained fundamental remarks …” „… f.) Table of Cases 558 BGH, Judgment of 27.9.1972, IV ZR 225/69, BGHZ 59, 236 – Purely beneficial …”

VIII. The Bewegliche System, case groups and case group comparison as substantiation methods S. 542-543

„… body is already accepted by the judiciary in the case of firmer (sports) shoes.33 However, kicks …” „… without shoes.34 VIII. The Bewegliche System, case groups and case group comparison as substantiation …” „… .) in numerous rulings. In addition to state liability (chapter 12 mn. 118 ff.), a case group has now …”

II. Case groups to substantiate general clauses S. 297-300

„… Another)50 that in many respects is similar to a Bewegliche System.51 II. Case groups to substantiate …” „… general clauses 1. Case groups a) The objective of a case group 26General clauses and indefinite legal …” „… concepts are too vague to be able to subsume a case under them without further recourse; they need to be …”

Databases for German, European and foreign cases S. 567-569

„… Databases for German, European and foreign cases German Cases: www.bundesgerichtshof.de Decisions …” „… press releases of all German courts. European Cases: www.curia.europa.eu Decisions and press relseases …” „… Cases: https://www.ogh.gv.at/ Decisions and press releases by the Austrian Supreme Court of Justice …”

II. Extension of legal methodology by case hermeneutics S. 491-503

„… judicial creativity that cannot be adequately explained. Conversely, there are numerous cases in …” „… brought together. This case hermeneutics (Fallhermeneutik), which is part of the daily work of the …” „… disciplines and thus gain additional weight for case processing (section IV). And fourthly, the reproach must …”

IV. The comparative case method as substantiation by the courts S. 272-288

„… In the view of the ECJ, intermediate steps may also lead to an obligation to publish in the case of …” „… European Securities Regulators (CESR)90.91 IV. The comparative case method as substantiation by the courts …” „… analogy and the comparative case method a) The comparative case method in Anglo-American law 44If the …”

III. The structuring of several attribution criteria of different case groups S. 300-305

„… implementation of the internal market.70 III. The structuring of several attribution criteria of different case …” „… .). Consequently, new cases arise again and again within the framework of Sections 13871 and 826 of the Civil Code …” „… . There is a flux.72 Doctrinally, new case groups with higher-ranking law, such as fundamental rights, can …”

II. The importance of case law in the determination of law S. 84-92

„… II. The importance of case law in the determination of law 22 The difference of opinion just …” „… mainly prevailing dualistic approach, case law does not constitute a source of law (chapter 3 mn. 3).64 …” „… But this changes when case law is converted into customary law. It would then be binding as against …”

II. Using legal principles in cases: justification and construction of the legal principle S. 315-319

„… estoppel) and Anscheinsvollmacht78 (prima facie power of attorney). II. Using legal principles in cases …” „… principles and concepts to become established.79 Cases in which the legal principle can be derived from one …” „… or more norms are comparatively simple, but that is rarely the case. Even in the other cases where a …”

Index S. 569-586

„… , chapter 7 48 A shod foot case chapter 7 57 Abortion case chapter 3 93, chapter 11 7 f. Accuracy guarantee …” „… 4 64, chapter 6 9, chapter 12 115 Actio quasi negatoria injuction case chapter 6 131 ff. Adeneler …” „… case chapter 12 46 f., 77, chapter 13 81 Administrative regulations chapter 3 1 ff., 7, 54 ff., 71 ff …”

I. The Bewegliche System (flexible system) S. 290-297

„… Chapter 8 The Bewegliche System, case groups and comparative case group as substantiation methods …” „… ................................................................... 25 II. Case groups to substantiate general clauses ............................................. 26 1 …” „… . Case groups …”

III. Ordinary forms of development of the law S. 234-254

„… with the Constitution also obliges, in case of doubt, the parties to base their interpretation on …” „… forms of development of the law 81 The statute cannot cover all cases, which is why courts are called …” „… upon to develop the law (chapter 1 mn. 37 ff.). This section will look at ordinary cases of development …”

V. Summary of chapter 7 S. 288-289

„… also contribute to substantiation insofar as they have a binding effect. IV. The comparative case …” „… similar case must be supported by different arguments. Only decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court …” „… the arguments in the foreign case can be used for the legal solution. Part 3. Substantiation 288 …”

I. Problems: Sources of legal knowledge alongside primary sources of law? S. 77-84

„… positivism and natural law .............................................. 20 II. The importance of case law …” „… ................................................................................. 76 2. Case groups using non-binding comparative law............................... 86 3. The legal …” „… what other sources of law there may be – namely what can and should be used when arguing a legal case …”

II. First step: traditional arguments S. 455-461

„… law can be developed. In the case of indefinite legal concepts or general clauses, the legislature has …” „… ) would stand in the way of development of the law. In contrast to the casuistic case law, the system and …” „… circumvented by case law. Consequently, the Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof – BGH) also refuses to …”

III. Second step: A glimpse of the legal consequences S. 461-467

„… on non-marital cohabitation in the case of tenancy succession, the Federal Court of Justice had …” „… of Justice stated: 46‘It has already been taken into account on various occasions in the case law …” „… Code [old version; today regulated in Sections 540, 553 of the Civil Code] (BGHZ 92, 213). The case law …”

IV. The importance of foreign judgments in the determination of law S. 99-106

„… the relevance of case law is already controversial, this applies even more so to the question of …” „… be applied in cases of conflict of laws with a foreign connection, if in international private law …” „… rights under the Basic Law. Thus, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is also an …”

I. Interpretation and subsumption S. 110-121

„… Aristotle.3 He applies the law to the case and the deductive conclusion (deduktiver Schluss) is drawn by …” „… general – i. e. the answer to the question of whether the facts of the case meet the constituent facts set …” „… up the major premise. The decisive facts of the particular facts of the case give the minor premise …”

II. Substantiation by the legislature S. 264-270

„… application of these criteria to the individual case was then left to the national courts.42 II …” „… administration and the courts 265 legislature intends that the case law should be able to develop other rule …” „… form a structural unit. This also raises the question of whether the case law can continue to rely on …”

V. Development of the law in conformity with the Constitution S. 395-404

„… relationship is not even seen or its solution is attempted with unsuitable means.’139 61The current case law of …” „… case with Section 138, an overall assessment of all circumstances of the individual case must take …” „… place.140 This case law is also the basis for the principle of self-determination (chapter 9 mn. 43 ff …”

V. Examination sequence and ranking of argumentation concepts as building blocks of a metamethodology S. 519-531

„… ‘depends not least on what they provide in the individual case’223 Brugger speaks of a ’flexible …” „… hermeneutic circle: lawyers solves cases on the basis of their preconceptions. Esser criticises the legal …” „… favour one side, sometimes the other. As a result, they are often quite one-sided: the case hermeneutics …”

I. The purpose of legal methodology S. 2-10

„… to and including 1968 refer to the German pdf document published by Curia. In exceptional cases, the …” „… pages of judgments are indicated up to and including 1985, namely in all those cases where the judgment …” „… State Examination in Law, because extensive (and in some cases very detailed) legal expertise,5 legal …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… directly from the statute or previous case law. Therefore it is indispensable to master the basics of legal …” „… Federal Republic of Germany (Grundgesetz – GG).3 The translations of German cases are by the translator …” „… references to online databases for statutes and cases can be found at the end of the List of Abbreviations …”

IV. Interpretation in conformity with the Constitution S. 390-395

„… effect of fundamental rights – in this case freedom of expression. Interpretation in conformity with the …” „… private interests of competition. In this case, the interests of the boycottee are assumed to have …” „… possible interpretations is in accordance with the Constitution. In most cases, however, there are likely …”

I. General legal principles and legal doctrine S. 307-315

„… principles in cases: justification and construction of the legal principle …” „… , classifies the individual case into basic rules and principles of applicable law. It thus creates an …” „… intermediate layer between the individual case casuistry and the legal principles12 by means of a …”

I. Substantiation of the law S. 259-264

„… ............................................................................................... 41 IV. The comparative case method as substantiation by the courts............ 44 1. The similarity …” „… between individual analogy and the comparative case method …” „… . The comparative case method of the ECJ ............................................ 72 4. Individual …”

IV. The right to self-determination as justification of various legal concepts S. 324-332

„… expressly157 and referred to good faith (Treu und Glauben).158 English case law reacted similarly …” „… Italy, the Netherlands and Greece.160 38 bb) Over time, the academic literature and case law have …” „… developed groups of cases such as equivalence disorder (Äquivalenzstörung), disruption of the intended use …”

VI. Fifth step: Limits to competences S. 471-486

„… directive. This obligation arises from the principle of effet utile, as is already the case with the …” „… interpretation in conformity with the directive. An illustrative example is provided by the Quelle case.116 The …” „… . Individual expectations as a limit to permissible development of the law 81In the Adeneler case, the ECJ …”

IV. Summary of chapter 8 S. 305-306

„… .104 3. Establishing a new case group under European law 50In European law, the ECJ also recognises the …” „… formation of new case groups by referring to an original precedent and then modifying the conditions. 51 …” „… Claim for state liability: In the Francovich case, the ECJ developed a state liability claim if a Member …”

II. Grammatical interpretation S. 121-137

„… the law is bound back to the statutes in every case via methodology. In order to comply with the …” „… civil79 cases argued before the Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof – BGH), where arguments …” „… about wording can be found in about half of all cases. 40 ‘As a rule – and as the Regional Court has …”

III. Secondary law: regulations, directives, recommendations S. 416-437

„… in the case of the direct effect of primary law, and (3) it must be sufficiently defined (chapter 12 …” „… Holiday entitlement: In contrast to the earlier case law of the Federal Labour Court (Bundesarbeitsgericht …” „… – BAG) (‘surrogate case law’), employees can assert their holiday entitlement against their public …”

IV. Further means of enforcing European law S. 437-442

„… ) Unlike primary law and regulations, directives must be transposed into national law. The settled case law …” „… by means of case law either: judgments of the case law are only sufficient to substantiate indefinite …” „… legal concepts.207 It is therefore not sufficient for the case law to provide for development of the law …”

I. The different functions of the Constitution S. 374-384

„… fundamental rights on private individuals ................... 11 3. The effect of the Constitution on case law …” „… Constitution............. 64 1. The contradictory case law of the Federal Constitutional Court .... 64 2 …” „… ................................................................................................ 65 373 3. Case groups of permissible development of the law in conformity with the Constitution …”

VII. Substantiation of the law by the legislature, the administration and the courts S. 541-542

„… Justice (4 StR 689/81) (chapter 7 mn. 57): Is there a case of serious bodily harm (gefährliche …” „… iron rod30 was upheld to be a dangerous tool. However, the comparative case method reaches its limits …” „… numerous judgments, the Federal Court of Justice thus not only argued with comparable cases, but developed …”

IV. Third step: The Constitution as higher-ranking law S. 467-470

„… entry pursuant to Section 569a(2) of the Civil Code are also fulfilled in the individual case can be …” „… , in individual cases it must be examined how strong the influence of the Constitution is, and whether …” „… obvious. Numerous cases have already been described in detail above (chapter 11 mn. 56 ff.). The legal …”

V. Telos, logic and impact-oriented interpretation S. 538-540

„… Section 823 ff. of the Civil Code, but also in the case of contractual claims, culpa in contrahendo …” „… this case, private international law applies. According to the crime scene principle in force at the …” „… legal system.16 A deviation from the crime scene principle was denied in the previous case law, however …”

II. Balancing of fundamental rights S. 348-357

„… developed in legal doctrine over many years by the case law (chapter 10 mn. 24 f.). This generally …” „… The Federal Constitutional Court had advocated such a narrow approach in several cases: 30For the Love …” „… opinion’, which was not the case with the mere entertainment of music and dance events.95 In the Glycol …”

IV. Wording, systematics and history as traditional methods of interpretation S. 537-538

„… claim for damages for pain and suffering to cases regulated by law, this is not the case. Section 253(2 …” „… ) of the Civil Code always establishes a claim for damages for pain and suffering in the case of …” „… : Staudinger, BGB, revised ed. 2018, § 833 mn. 11 ff. Chapter 15. Cases in greater depth 537 Section 823 ff. of …”

I. Balancing in public law S. 338-348

„… balanced out and thereby substantiated. To substantiate their exact scope in a case examination is highly …” „… requirements in the case of the emergency regulations in Sections 228 and 904 of the Civil Code (Bürgerliches …” „… the norm becomes applicable to individual cases, a finding which is not infrequently found in other …”

III. Legal creativity and legal thinking S. 503-513

„… such, but also on other norms suitable for solving problems and the related facts of the case.86 In …” „… for F. Müller’s theory of norm ranges to be made usable for private law.89 Thus the Fleet case of the …” „… Federal Court of Justice can be solved with the norm range theory. In this case, the question was whether …”

III. Impact-oriented interpretation S. 178-196

„… some cases, the legislature itself expressly stipulates that the judge must take account of the impact …” „… of the limits of impact-oriented interpretation is the case law on expert liability …” „… ’; In the 19th Century, one invoked the golden rule to deviate from the working in the case of absurd …”

IV. Balancing conflicting legal principles in private law S. 363-372

„… , the case is easy to solve, as long as the collision can be resolved by the precedence of one principle …” „… 4 mn. 134 f.). While in the case of the lex specialis rule only the conflict of two legal norms has …” „… relatively generous in allowing a contract to be contested on the grounds of error – for example, in the case …”

III. Legal methodology as a theory of argumentation S. 21-33

„… the case are often stated very comprehensively in rulings of the ECJ, both in a national and in a …” „… any case, citing legal authors must be omitted. – In ogni caso deve essere omessa ogni citazione di …” „… ). With his famous one-right-answer thesis, Dworkin claims this is the case under Anglo-American law: ‘My …”

VI. Teleological counter concepts and simple forms of legal development S. 540-541

„… the fact that, in case of doubt, criminal law protection should go further than private law legal …” „… protection. 20 Impermissible right of withdrawal in case of error as to content (chapter 6 mn. 92): Deputy …” „… of the declaration. Therefore, in such cases of price and quantity errors, the courts grant the …”

III. Balancing European fundamental rights and freedoms S. 357-363

„… are also other differences: In the case of European fundamental rights, appropriateness is not …” „… European level (chapter 2 mn. 94). Sources of law today are case law, the European Convention on Human …” „… increasingly following the case law of the ECtHR. The Open Door case is an important fundamental case in …”

XIV. A modern legal methodology S. 550-551

„… referring to the case law on social assistance law105 or tenancy law.106 If de lege ferenda requires that …” „… a matter of case law that replaces the statute, because the legislature has not yet closed this gap …” „… ., 79, 117) Broad interpretation of exceptions (chapter 6 mn. 32 ff.) Case area (chapter 14 mn. 8, 11 ff …”

I. The uncertain boundaries of permissible development of the law S. 449-455

„… ................................................................................................ .. 70 3. Protection of legitimate expectations where the case law changes . 76 4. The principle of …” „… reason that that case was described as the most important decision on legal methodology since Soraya.9 It …” „… with protective effect in favour of third parties or for the limitation of nullity in the case of …”

II. Legal methodology as a theory of legitimacy S. 10-21

„… ) Substantiation: Limitation of wording largely fails where legal terms are indefinite – rule examples, case law …” „… , comparative case method (chapter 7) – groups of cases, flexible system (chapter 8) Construction: no direct …” „… (chapter 3): Sources of legal knowledge (chapter 3): Laws Case law Foreign judgments Hierarchy Binding …”

II. Subjective versus objective theory S. 225-234

„… Hirsch, ZRP 2006, 161 (translated from the original German): ‘In a case of conflict, the judges must …” „… , AcP 211 (2011), 318, 321 ff. Part 2. Interpretation 226 62The case law includes examples of judgments …” „… case to be decided is not covered by any norm according to its regulatory intent – omissions praeter …”

XIII. Limits to development of the law S. 547-550

„… conflicting case law is thus repealed by the legislature.75 According to the new legal situation …” „… , no interpretation in conformity with the Directive is required in the case of tiles, as the Directive …” „… . 74 ff.). Chapter 15. Cases in greater depth 547 49 (4) (a) However, the gap may not be contrary to …”

V. Fourth step: Higher-ranking European law and international law S. 470-471

„… 3. Protection of legitimate expectations where the case law changes 76 In principle, courts may …” „… change their case law. But exceptions may arise if the party affected by the retroactive effect could …” „… have relied on the continued validity of the case law and if the application of the new view to its …”

IV. The economic analysis of law S. 196-207

„… is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of …” „… . This would be the case if the cost of avoidance (B) was less than the probability of the event (P) and …” „… Esser/Weyers, Schuldrecht Besonderer Teil, Vol. II/2, 8th ed. 2000, p. 172; listing examples of case law which …”

IV. The difficult search for telos S. 254-257

„… 156 The ECJ also assessed general analogy. In the Dory case (chapter 6 mn. 151/152), Dory asserted a …” „… cases. It cannot be inferred from those articles that the Treaty contains an inherent general exception …” „… , might impair the binding nature of Community law and its uniform application (see, to that effect, Case …”

XII. The primacy of European law and international law S. 545-547

„… for assessment purposes? What task does the solution of this case entail for the legislature? 41Answer …” „… GmbH/Jürgen Wittmer (tiles). Chapter 15. Cases in greater depth 545 of the defective purchased item. Here the …” „… justified a teleological reduction of Section 439(3) of the Civil Code (old version) for cases of consumer …”

III. Systematic interpretation S. 137-151

„… respects. In both cases, the declaration is based on insufficient self-determination (Selbstbestimmung …” „… is even more so the case when there is an error about the declaration itself. As a result, both …” „… case, the objective facts of the case are identical, so that aspects of the protection of legitimate …”

III. The hierarchy of law in Germany today, including European law S. 55-67

„… Costa v. E.N.E.L. case, the ECJ confirmed the admissibility of a preliminary ruling procedure …” „… also be unwritten, such as is the case with the principle of legitimate expectation …” „… 264(2) of the TFEU.115 67Clinique: In the Clinique case, the Regional Court (Landgericht – LG) Berlin …”

III. Legal principles in private law: derivation and substantiation of private autonomy S. 319-324

„… , it is recognised that there must be cases in which a contract must be concluded against the will of …” „… that he will report negatively on the performance?130 Some cases have been specially regulated by law …” „… legal doctrine and legal methodology. The case law had originally justified the obligation to contract …”

I. The path to a modern methodology S. 490-491

„… ............................................................................ 3 II. Extension of legal methodology by case hermeneutics .......................... 5 1. The …” „… facts for determining the case area.................. 11 3. The norm range …” „… , there are numerous cases in which Savigny’s canon helps, also in public law (chapter 10 mn. 4 …”

III. Administrative regulations, private rule-setting, and European recommendations S. 92-99

„… question for a ruling under the acte clair doctrine.125 The case law of the ECJ is largely observed and …” „… – sources of law 92 without a factual reason, this can lead in individual cases to a legally enforceable …” „… contrast, case law allows administrative regulations to substantiate norms (normkonkretisierende …”

II. Individual logical figures of argumentation S. 171-178

„… previous case law if the previous case law has not yet come to a valid decision. The same applies to …” „… , p. 269. 90 On juris, there are more than a thousand references to the case law that uses this legal …” „… the tour operator and the traveller in the case of a contract aimed at a totality of travel services …”

Appendix. Selected figures of argumentation S. 551-557

„… ., 79, 117) Broad interpretation of exceptions (chapter 6 mn. 32 ff.) Case area (chapter 14 mn. 8, 11 ff …” „… .) Case group (chapter 8 mn. 26 ff., 53) Case law (chapter 3 mn. 3 ff., 22 ff., 28, 75, chapter 13 mn. 19 …” „… ) Case law that corrects the statute (chapter 13 mn. 19) Case law that replaces the statute (chapter 13 …”

II. Sources of law S. 535-536

„… Chapter 15 Cases in greater depth Table of Contents mn. I Legal methodology as a theory of …” „… ................................................................................................ .......... 24 VIII. The Bewegliche System, case groups and case group comparison as substantiation methods …” „… now read on and train their legal thinking a little by trying to solve the cases on their own. I …”

I. Teleological counter concepts to formal arguments S. 209-225

„… be interpreted in the case of unambiguous wording, is a presumption rule which may intervene in …” „… unambiguous cases (chapter 4 mn. 64). However, it is questionable for the very reason that the wording is …” „… interpretation must not be neglected.’10 The case law includes judgments that follow the clarity rule, but mostly …”

VI. Summary of chapter 14 S. 531-533

„… substantiation of general clauses: Comparison case method; Bewegliches System; case groups; legal principles …” „… postmodern legal methodology consider classical methodology to have failed. The facts of the case would be …” „… facts. The legal methodology is to be supplemented by case hermeneutics, which covers the case range and …”

VII. The value of judicial methodology – a final word S. 533-535

„… : one recognises the spiral.304 Legal methodology is more than just legal working or case techniques; it …” „… relative certainty when solving new cases.306 As long as man and not machines makes legal decisions, the …” „… legal methodology 534 Chapter 15 Cases in greater depth Table of Contents mn. I Legal methodology as a …”

IX. Legal doctrine and general legal principles S. 543-544

„… Civil Code of 1900 provided that only in the case of procedural deficiencies, such as malice, threats or …” „… fractional ownership (timeshare) agreement not considered in its consequences. In such cases, an extension of …” „… consumer would appear to make sense.51 As in the case of a travel or timeshare contract, the consumer …”

III. Secondary sources of law and sources of legal knowledge S. 536-537

„… punished in particularly severe cases with up to life imprisonment, see Section 212(2) of the Criminal Code …” „… they were developed by a private association rather than by case law speaks against this. In addition …” „… claim for damages for pain and suffering to cases regulated by law, this is not the case. Section 253(2 …”

I. Legal methodology as a theory of legitimacy and justification S. 535

„… Chapter 15 Cases in greater depth Table of Contents mn. I Legal methodology as a theory of …” „… ................................................................................................ .......... 24 VIII. The Bewegliche System, case groups and case group comparison as substantiation methods …” „… now read on and train their legal thinking a little by trying to solve the cases on their own. I …”

V. International law S. 442-444

„… the Brasserie du Pêcheur case, the consumer’s expectation on the part of the German citizen that beer …” „… be accorded constitutional status,242 as is already the case in other countries (chapter 2 mn. 106 …” „… wants to see excluded (Article 60 of the ECHR). Therefore, the case law of the European Court of Human …”

VII. Balancing and weighting of various arguments in the context of development of the law S. 486-488

„… the case examination. In a second step they have to be weighted. The examination is made easier if it …” „… quantitative terms, the catalogue of arguments resembles the Bewegliche System. In the case of the five-stage …” „… may exceptionally be correct in very clear cases. If the limit of the wording is exceeded in criminal …”

I. The purpose of the law as teleological interpretation S. 163-171

„… of the most important figures of argumentation.1 Therefore, in finding solutions to cases the first …” „… interpretation (or the purposive approach) plays a leading role in the case law of the European Court of Justice …” „… settled case law that the meaning and scope of terms for which Community law provides no definition must …”

IV. The claim to justice of legal methodology S. 33-38

„… prerequisites of the legal norm are present in the case at hand. If the premise is not obviously to be regarded …” „… lawyer is to find substantive rules from the law based on the facts of the case in order to appropriately …” „… non-performance of contract. 244 Sections 812 ff. BGB: repayment of unjust enrichment. 245 Case group of Section …”

V. Summary of chapter 6 S. 257-259

„… ............................................................................................... 41 IV. The comparative case method as substantiation by the courts............ 44 1. The similarity …” „… between individual analogy and the comparative case method …” „… . The comparative case method of the ECJ ............................................ 72 4. Individual …”

II. Unconstitutionality and constitutional law arguments S. 384-387

„… general binding effect – in most cases even force of law – and must be published in the Federal Law …” „… Schenkungssteuergesetz – ErbStG)74 to be unconstitutional on several occasions. In these cases, the Federal …” „… and invalidity of a norm is a last resort or ultima ratio. In case of doubt, an interpretation in …”

III. Constitutionally-oriented interpretation S. 387-390

„… to give preference to the result in conformity with the Constitution over others in the case of …” „… therefore only one item to be considered. This is the typical case of constitutionally-oriented …” „… interpretation. b) Interference with companies versus freedom of opinion 45aa) In the Lüth case, the Federal …”

V. Summary of chapter 10 S. 372-373

„… the Lüth case (chapter 11 mn. 14 f.) and the Lebach case previously mentioned (chapter 10 mn. 48 f …” „… fundamental rights on private individuals ................... 11 3. The effect of the Constitution on case law …” „… Constitution............. 64 1. The contradictory case law of the Federal Constitutional Court .... 64 2 …”

III. Substantiation by the administration or private regulatory systems S. 270-272

„… Regulations (Straßenverkehrsordnung – StVO). 37 Bicycle accident case: Vehicle owner O lends his car to his …” „… of the Stock Corporation Act (Aktiengesetz – AktG).84 2. European law 41In the case of indefinite …” „… to case law. 83 German Corporate Governance Code. 84 Affirmative p.ex. Lutter, ZHR 166 (2002), 523 …”

II. Hierarchy of legal sources in Germany S. 48-55

„… computer. In these cases, it does not apply its sovereign powers and waives these means of power. The state …” „… persons and cases. For example, Section 311b of the Civil Code states that a property can only be validly …” „… possibility that several areas of law may apply simultaneously when a case is resolved. The question then …”

V. Summary of chapter 1 S. 38-40

„… framework of the comparative case method and with case groups and legal principles (part 3). The …” „… , the limits of further legal development are to be discussed as well as case hermeneutics, an …” „… ................................................................................... 122 1 This chapter discusses which legal sources may and must be used to resolve a case. Which sources …”

I. Direct applicability as a prerequisite for primacy of application S. 407-411

„… . The Court formulated this at an early stage in the van Gend case: 5 ‘The wording of Article 12 [now …” „… case of directives in particular, for example, the transposition period must have expired without the …” „… Bosman: The Bosman case concerned two rules of UEFA, the European football association.18 A maximum of …”

VI. Summary of chapter 2 S. 75-76

„… fundamental values or legal ideas such as justice or peace cannot directly decide the individual case, and …” „… positivism and natural law .............................................. 20 II. The importance of case law …” „… ................................................................................. 76 2. Case groups using non-binding comparative law............................... 86 3. The legal …”

V. Academic legal literature S. 106-107

„… Proceedings. Further case of application infra chapter 14 mn. 27 ff. 244 To the Law of Citations by Emperor …” „… . In principle, case law is not binding on anyone other than the parties. However, as a secondary …” „… law – which in contrast to case law should be binding on everyone – is to be avoided. III …”

X. Balancing as substantiation S. 544-545

„… absolutely necessary. This would not be the case because the rules are far too vague and do not allow for any …” „… for assessment purposes? What task does the solution of this case entail for the legislature? 41Answer …” „… GmbH/Jürgen Wittmer (tiles). Chapter 15. Cases in greater depth 545 …”

IV. Sources of legal methodology S. 513-519

„… abroad. 75This applies to the one-right-answer thesis or the comparative case method from the …” „… Anglo-American legal system, the case law, for Wilburg’s Bewegliche System in Austria, or the concepts of …” „… Hierarchy (Merkl): Separation Constitution, Europe of powers Case hermeneutics Acceptance Normative …”

IV. Historical interpretation S. 151-161

„… concepts work under European law. In case of doubt, the same terms concerning the same material are to be …” „… make the intent of the time absolute, which is not the case in Germany. Rather it is a matter of …” „… material for a judgment.318 It is often used in German case law.319 French law also recognises historical …”

V. Summary of chapter 4 S. 161-162

„… extended by Engisch’s concept of Hin- und Herwandern des Blickes between the facts of the case and the norm …” „… of the most important figures of argumentation.1 Therefore, in finding solutions to cases the first …”

XI. The Constitution as higher-ranking law S. 545

„… for assessment purposes? What task does the solution of this case entail for the legislature? 41Answer …” „… GmbH/Jürgen Wittmer (tiles). Chapter 15. Cases in greater depth 545 …”

I. Law and sources of law S. 41-48

„… ................................................................................... 122 1 This chapter discusses which legal sources may and must be used to resolve a case. Which sources …” „… national, European and international levels can be utilised, but case law and academic literature can also …” „… creates binding effect for the solution of the specific case. Here, too, the problem arises with the …”

VI. Summary of chapter 3 S. 107-109

„… of rules and could give rise to duties of referral and compliance. II. In principle, case law is not …” „… they cannot make better arguments for another solution. Customary law – which in contrast to case law …”

VIII. Summary of chapter 13 S. 488-489

„… legal methodology by case hermeneutics .......................... 5 1. The interaction of facts and …” „… determining the case area.................. 11 3. The norm range …”

IV. The hierarchy of law in Germany today, including international law S. 67-71

„… referred to as Solange III.167 96These cases are controversial. It is acknowledged that the Federal …” „… – this does not include constitutional law. If they are in any case given the same status as the …” „… corresponds with international law leads in any case to a de facto equality of the ius cogens under …”

V. Natural law S. 71-75

„… justice as an ‘incorrect right’. It is impossible to draw a clearer line between the cases of legal …” „… Basic Law.’220 117 Negative examples using the Radbruch formula are limited to extreme cases.221 The …” „… values or legal ideas such as justice or peace cannot directly decide the individual case, and thus …”

Principal Works Cited

„… to and including 1968 refer to the German pdf document published by Curia. In exceptional cases, the …” „… pages of judgments are indicated up to and including 1985, namely in all those cases where the judgment …”

II. Primacy of application and the obligation to interpret in conformity with Union law S. 411-416

„… ‘abandoned’ if they were contrary to European law. b) National case law on further development of the law in …” „… conformity with primary law 26 aa) National case law on development of the law in conformity with primary law …” „… that Act. After the Federal Constitutional Court submitted the case to the ECJ, that Court decided: 30 …”

V. Legal principles at the European level S. 332-336

„… national principles of law in case of doubt (chapter 12 mn. 21 ff.), and the principles of European private …” „… formulae when dealing with cases. Legal principles are only partially standardised. They comprise all …”

Databases for German, European and foreign legislative acts

„… Current federal statutes and regulations. www.dejure.org Information on statutes and cases regarding …”

VI. Summary of chapter 9 S. 336-337

„… are only (useless) empty formulae when dealing with cases. Legal principles are only partially …”

V. Summary of chapter 5 S. 207-208

„… are prevented by the fundamental freedoms that aim to create an internal market. In settled case law …”

doi.org/10.17104/9783406779305

Sascha Raithel, Marko Sarstedt, Tobias Schütz - IBM SPSS Syntax

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Sascha Raithel, Marko Sarstedt, Tobias Schütz

IBM SPSS Syntax

2010

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6.1 Datendatei sortieren: SORT CASES S. 121-122

„… des Datensatzes wird mit Hilfe der SORT CASES-Anweisung durchgeführt. SORT CASES [BY] varlist[({A …” „… Datensatz vorweg mit Hilfe der SORT CASES-Anweisung nach der oder den Trennvariablen sortiert werden. Wählt …” „… SORT CASES-Anweisung vor. SPLIT FILE {OFF } {[{LAYERED }][BY varlist …”

6.2 Datendatei aufteilen: SPLIT FILE S. 122-124

„… der Datensatz vorweg mit Hilfe der SORT CASES-Anweisung nach der oder den Trennvariablen sortiert …” „… automatisch die SORT CASES-Anweisung vor. SPLIT FILE {OFF } {[{LAYERED }][BY …” „… ) Sortierung: var1 var2var1 var2 SORT CASES BY var1 var2 0 4 1 5 0 5 1 6 1 4 1 6 0 6 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 5 0 6 1 4 1 …”

5.4 Ziehung einer Zufallsstichprobe: SAMPLE S. 119-121

„… des Datensatzes wird mit Hilfe der SORT CASES-Anweisung durchgeführt. SORT CASES [BY] varlist[({A …” „… Datendateien hilfreich sein können. Die Anweisung SORT CASES ermöglicht es uns die Fälle in Datendateien nach …” „… und MATCH FILES. 6.1 Datendatei sortieren: SORT CASES Für bestimmte Anweisungen oder Analyseschritte …”

4.4 Iterative Anweisungen: LOOP S. 101-109

„… festzulegen. Die Anweisung END CASE bewirkt das Schreiben eines Datenpunktes in die Arbeitsdatei. An dieser …” „… . COMPUTE kapital = 100. COMPUTE gewinn_kum = 0. END CASE. LOOP spiel = 1 to 15. COMPUTE einsatz …” „… . COMPUTE kapital = lag (kapital) - einsatz + gewinn. END CASE. END LOOP. END FILE. END INPUT …”

6.6 Zusammenführendes Beispiel S. 142-145

„… (1658, 1337)). END CASE. END LOOP. LOOP #i = 1 TO 500. COMPUTE geschl = 0. COMPUTE …” „… netto_ek = RND(RV.NORMAL (1006, 798)). END CASE. END LOOP. END FILE. END INPUT PROGRAM. EXECUTE …” „… der Wert 1 zugewiesen. Die END CASE-Anweisung veranlasst, dass jeder Schleifendurchlauf einen …”

6.3 Aggregieren von Daten: AGGREGATE S. 124-128

„… neue Beobachtung in der Ausgabedatei gebildet. Analog zur Vorgehensweise bei der SORT CASES-Anweisung …”

6.5 Zusammenfügen von Datendateien S. 131-142

„… = 'c:\syntax\panel_c.sav'. SORT CASES BY status. ADD FILES FILE = * /IN = datensatz_c /FILE = panel_b /IN …” „… . COMPUTE geschl = 1. COMPUTE netto_ek = RND(RV.NORMAL (1658, 1337)). END CASE. END LOOP. LOOP …” „… CASE. END LOOP. END FILE. END INPUT PROGRAM. EXECUTE. Innerhalb der ersten Schleifenstruktur werden …”

3.4 Permanente und temporäre Datenmodifikation: TEMPORARY S. 80-82

„… angegeben werden: SORT CASES, ADD FILES und MATCH FILES. • Arbeitsvariablen, die vor der TEMPORARY-Anweisung …”

Stichwortverzeichnis S. 205-209

„… SET PRINTBACK 5 SHOW WEIGHT 70 SORT CASES 109 SPLIT FILE 110 SPSS-Datendatei 19 SQRT 54 …”

8.6 Exkurs: Hilfreiche Makro-Programme S. 174-203

„… '. SORT CASES BY ID(A) YEAR(D) MONTH(D). COMPUTE FENSTER = 1. EXECUTE. DO IF LAG(ID) = ID. COMPUTE …” „… Daten vorher nach Jahr und Monat absteigend sortiert: SORT CASES BY ID(A) YEAR(D) MONTH(D)) geschätzt …” „… = hmlBETA) (UMD = umdBETA). SORT CASES BY ID. SAVE OUTFILE = !pfad1 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 6.1 Datendatei sortieren: SORT CASES …”

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Jürgen Weber, Utz Schäffer, Christoph Binder - Einführung in das Controlling

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Einführung in das Controlling

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C X-presso AG Case Study S. 237-354

„… ]/19.07.2022/Seite 237 C X-presso AG Case StudyPreliminary notes on the X-presso Case Study All of the …” „… the X-presso Group is a fictitious company, the case study and assignments are based on actual market …” „… : Weber_Schaeffer__Einfuehrung_in_das_Controlling(4)__Teil_C__[Druck-PDF]/19.07.2022/Seite 239X-presso AG Case StudyThe Group: X-presso AG and …”

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Wolfgang Kahl, Marc-Philippe Weller - Climate Change Litigation

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Wolfgang Kahl (ed.), Marc-Philippe Weller (ed.)

Climate Change Litigation

Series: Beck International

Volume 2021

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II. The Urgenda case S. 365-372

„… international, European and national targets? II. The Urgenda case 7The Urgenda case revolves around at least …” „… law, when delivering a judgment against the state in this case, would effectively take the place of …” „… considered that its duty is to provide legal protection, also in cases against the government, whilst …”

IV. Climate litigation in Brazil: analyses of cases S. 281-286

„… environmental actions foreseen in our legal system. IV. Climate litigation in Brazil: analyses of cases 43 …” „… Change Law in the country. The jurisprudence presents few interesting cases, mainly a decision by the …” „… 45Three cases already judged by the STJ and the referred case decided by the STF will be reviewed …”

IV. Local court cases that are relevant to climate change litigation in Italy S. 333-335

„… contours of the damage are not absolutely certain24. However, again according to established case …” „… principle of proportionality. They must therefore be as little invasive as possible in the specific case25 …” „… country’s environmental policy with respect to climate change. 38In any case, the lawsuit that will be filed …”

II. A prominent case in German courts: Saúl Ananías Luciano Lliuya vs. RWE AG S. 410-412

„… II. A prominent case in German courts: Saúl Ananías Luciano Lliuya vs. RWE AG 20 The topic of …” „… liability for carbon dioxide emissions has recently gained momentum through a case brought before the Higher …” „… exist but for the respondent’s past and future greenhouse gas emissions. This is not the case. In light …”

III. “Giudizio universale” (the last judgment): a high-profile case to be litigated by the first months of 2020 S. 329-333

„… already in place. III. “Giudizio universale” (the last judgment): a high-profile case to be litigated by …” „… June 2019. The public appeal related to the case currently counts more than one hundred signatures of …” „… importance of the case goes beyond the legal action itself. In their view, it is also a tool for raising …”

IV. Innovations in investment law & policy related to clean energy, climate change and sustainable development S. 182-196

„… investments for moral reasons, in this case, for the environment-related risks associated with owning such …” „… understand how these synergies may be leveraged in the developing case law. IV. Innovations in investment law …” „… , however, is the way in which climate concerns are packaged in investment treaties and case law. In …”

V. Liability of EU Member States under Francovich doctrine? S. 224-236

„… 24 For example, in two cases concerning the implementation of the Waste Framework Directive the ECJ …” „… during the first-round infringement procedure in noncommunication cases) for the very first time.44 From …” „… enforcement, especially in non-communication cases.45 27 The Commission has already declared its intent to …”

III. The Paris Agreement in the courtroom S. 208-215

„… remarkable increase in cases addressing climate change since.77 Many litigants do expressly refer to the …” „… Paris Agreement in making their cases, relying on its provisions in their argumentation. 37 The …” „… the litigants can frame their case. It enables citizen to articulate more precisely and forcefully …”

II. Analysis: structures of judicial involvement in climate protection S. 66-72

„… case to be inadmissible.10 An appeal is pending before the European Court of Justice. Looking again …” „… of future generations.11 3 These cases, which are preceded and accompanied by countless other …” „… climate change. While, of course, every case is different and climate change litigation takes place within …”

II. Jurisdictional issues S. 238-244

„… . This category accounts for roughly three-quarters of the cases on the database. U.S. law makes it …” „… companies failed to disclose climate risks to investors or consumers, and cases dealing with climate …” „… protests or involving individual scientists. Those cases will not be discussed in this chapter. 3 It is …”

IV. The legal problems of positive obligations S. 88-95

„… litigation based on human rights raises many complicated legal problems. The existing national case law that …” „… of the cases reported in Europe the claim against the government has been successful, this was the …” „… landmark case of Urgenda vs. The Netherlands.38 Mostly the national courts rejected the claims in a final …”

I. Introduction S. 363-365

„… R. Climate change litigation in the Netherlands – the Urgenda case and beyond Bibliography …” „… : Huang/Tigre, Trends in Climate Justice Litigation: The Dutch Case and Global Repercussions, in: Abate (ed …” „… .), Climate justice: case studies in global and regional governance challenges, Washington, DC: Environmental …”

II. Climate change litigation in public law S. 338-346

„… in fact shift from governments backed by experts to judges and civil society. Because climate case …” „… this path. 4 Rather than listing and summing up cases, this article therefore attempts to analyze …” „… mitigation and adaptation by attacking the government’s actions or inaction, as the case may be. 6 As a …”

VII. Causation S. 439-445

„… 80, in the case of climate change litigation in particular81, a large number of factors cause the …” „… environmental impact, which subsequently causes damage. Sections 6 and 7 UmweltHG indicate that cases of …” „… multiple causation are covered by the UmweltHG.82 37In cases of damage caused by conscious and deliberate …”

III. Formal role of NGO’s in climate litigation against the state S. 516-525

„… construction). These can be cases evolving around approval decisions or other administrative decisions for …” „… . So far, despite the cases being before them brought by NGOs and thus subject to full scrutiny under …” „… :// climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/gloucester-resources-limited-v-minister-for-planning/. 59 See for a summary of the respective legal acts which are currently still being challenged in …”

III. Climate change litigation guiding investment risk assessment & decision-making S. 173-182

„… , with the first few ‘wins’ in a growing flood of lawsuits. Indeed, some 1744 climate change cases had …” „… States had the highest number of cases at 1393, according to the UN Environment Program and the Sabin …” „… Center for Climate Change Law at the University of Columbia Law School.45 12A new wave of emerging cases …”

I. Introduction S. 306-308

„… O. Climate change litigation in the United Kingdom Bibliography: Case law: Ashgar Leghari v …” „… [District Court of The Hague, Chamber for Commercial Affairs] (June 24 2015, Case No. C/09/456689/HA_ZA …” „… . https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/extinction-rebellionprotest-ban-london-high-court-case-metropolitan-police-a9187186.html accessed 19 November 2019; Fracking Firm Ready to Press On, BBC News, December 2, 2012 …”

III. Jurisdiction S. 125-138

„… case, one could therefore argue that the decision of a court in State A awarding damages because of …” „… adjudicate in such cases. However, this line of argument is unconvincing. If it were to be followed, hardly …” „… applicable law. Awarding damages in cases of tortious liability, also in cross-border cases, is undoubtedly …”

III. Responsible party S. 496-502

„… within the meaning of § 3 no. 1 c) EDA to be present. This is a question of the individual case, but at …” „… any rate, it does not seem precluded from the outset. 28 As these examples show, case constellations …” „… intended to encompass case law concerning the ability to hold to account, under public law, legal persons …”

II. Climate change through the environmental impact assessment process S. 290-299

„… courts.3 As of May 2019, there had been 94 climate change related cases brought in Australia, second only …” „… cases and themes of this litigation, and an analysis of possible future directions in this area. 5 We …” „… private land, in which case the mining company will be required to pay the landholder compensation: see …”

III. The Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights S. 85-88

„… results of existing national case law are very divergent. III. The Jurisprudence of the European Court of …” „… derived from other rights found in the provisions of the Convention. Most cases do not deal with …” „… Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention, 2013, 186‐188. 18 A summary of more than 100 cases in Braig, ibid, 7–181 …”

III. Other developments in the Netherlands S. 372-377

„… Netherlands that are either influenced or linked to the Urgenda case and the Dutch efforts to mitigate climate …” „… . Friends of the Earth versus Shell 39 Based on the success of the Urgenda case, Friends of the Earth …” „… the claim in the Shell case is the same as in the Urgenda case. The plaintiffs rely on both the duty …”

IV. Financial sanctions within the infringement procedure as liability mechanism S. 223-224

„… procedure the Commission has discretion, whether to continue the procedure to the next step or drop the case …” „… ed., 2015, 455. 33 ECJ Case 247/87 Star Fruit/Commission [1989] ECLI:EU:C:1989:58, mn. 11; ECJ Case …” „… example, in two cases concerning the implementation of the Waste Framework Directive the ECJ imposed in …”

III. Litigating the transition to a low carbon society: clean energy, airports, and fracking S. 311-319

„… are pursued. Cases lost in the courts are not necessarily political losses. Moreover, new innovative …” „… low carbon society: clean energy, airports, and fracking 20Although the Plan B v BEIS case was a rare …” „… section surveys the trends in these types of cases. 21In 2011, the UK Government set a target of 15 % of …”

V. Potential role for litigation in national courts S. 17-21

„… international courts and tribunals, as well as a large variety of cases and claims. By learning from each other …” „… in this similar vein that the Hague District Court in the Urgenda case found that the State of the …” „… laws and policies. 85 The cases mentioned above are examples of a “turn to courts”, in as much as they …”

IV. International jurisdiction of national courts S. 387-392

„… typically refers to several states.55 The RWE case involves Peru for one, where there is a risk of flooding …” „… unforeseeable number of cases.60 However, the basic rule of art. 4 of regulation no. 1215/2012 is only supposed …” „… Also fundamentally on the regulation no. 1215/2012 ECJ Case 189/87 Kalfelis v Schröder and others …”

V. Conclusions and the future climate litigation in the UK S. 322-324

„… cooloff such litigation in the short term. Moreover, academic commentators have argued, and case law has …” „… highlighting how these arguments were also relevant to commercial cases, where the right to possession was …” „… that has been in the global spotlight. The discussion above has illustrated the breath of cases that …”

III. Contextualization: factors influencing the role of courts S. 72-76

„… States and Australia,61 and also the German case of Lliuya v. RWE, dealing with a claim regarding …” „… compensation for adaptation measures, falls within this category. These cases raise complex questions regarding …” „… . Not directly tackling greenhouse gas emissions but closely related to these cases are suits brought …”

1. Addressing the causes of climate change S. 7-12

„… climate change through the reduction of GHGs (“mitigation”). In this context, in many cases worldwide …” „… January 2019 in the Conseil d’Etat, the highest administrative court in France. Another case, Notre …” „… continued. Plaintiffs in these cases are mainly sub-state (municipalities) or non-state actors (individuals …”

VI. Liability under German law S. 398-403

„… the case when the damage166 is caused by gases that have spread through the air. The emission of …” „… effects are not a case of force majeure, then there is no reason to exclude liability in the sense of Sec …” „… cases, the necessary immorality and intent to damage is usually absent, since there is typically an …”

I. Introduction: the judicialization of climate change governance S. 64-66

„… Case of Climate Change, 24 Duke J. Comp. & Int’l L. 201 (2013); Koch/Lührs/Verheyen, Germany, in: Lord …” „… of Bringing Transnational Corporations to Justice for Environmental Damage: A Case Study of Texaco …” „… the Environment, Edward Elgar Publishing 2018, p. 2; Rosencranz/ Jackson, The Delhi Pollution Case and …”

IV. Choice of Law S. 138-149

„… change-related acts or omissions, which law the courts will apply to a given case is important. As for …” „… (http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/ sites/16/case …” „… . Procedural issues and Conflict of Laws 138 Kieninger the cross-border nature of the case.119 Note, however …”

IV. Conclusion and outlook S. 215-217

„… only depend on whether the case is rested in human rights law – where not only the state is granted …” „… the Paris Agreement to enter the courtroom. And in some cases, the result might be that there is a …” „… enforcement. 59What the majority of the cases brought so far do have in common is that they are situated at …”

IV. Tort liability S. 250-252

„… 47 Normally, the next step would have been for the case to go to trial. A defendant generally …” „… cannot appeal a case until after judgment is entered against, but the federal government was unwilling to …” „… government to obtain extraordinary appellate intervention to end the case.53 After prodding from the Supreme …”

III. Climate change litigation in private law S. 346-363

„… flexible since case law has established a strict distinction between scientific causation and legal …” „… causation. Administrative judges adjust their definition of causal connection on a case-by-case basis by …” „… damage is imputable to a third person, totally or partially. In the latter case, administrative courts …”

II. Litigating climate targets: holding the government to account S. 308-311

„… talked-about cases. For example, in Urgenda13, the Dutch Government was taken to Court because its existing …” „… federal level agency that set standards under the Clean Air Act. These cases, often strategic, can be …” „… establish standing in future cases.15 8 In the UK, cases of this type are through judicial review, bringing …”

IV. Litigation relating to the obligation of governments and public bodies to address climate change S. 262-269

„… change 1. Cases involving a failure of public bodies to adequately consider GHG emissions 29 There have …” „… been two Canadian cases addressing the duty of public bodies to adequately consider GHG emissions in …” „… dismissed. 32In a 2005 case, Pembina Institute for Appropriate Development and Others v. Attorney General of …”

IV. Major legal issues S. 14-17

„… by wind turbines. These cases might involve a difficult balancing of various objectives and can lead …” „… . Interestingly, climate cases hold a number of particular challenges that are not (all) present in other areas of …” „… . Consequently, environmental cases might be more time sensitive than other cases; a situation that sits uneasily …”

IV. Legal effects S. 502-505

„… least in the case of the larger CO2 emitters such as the energy supply companies, so that a value …” „… the Peruvian farmer’s case before the German civil courts will also radiate its effect to police law …” „… environmental damage in the case of an imminent threat of such damage. Which measures are required concretely …”

V. Conclusion S. 269-271

„… , these three cases represent an important turn in the field of climate litigation in Canada and reflect …” „… addressing the climate crisis. V. Conclusion 56Three important themes emerge from our review of climate cases …” „… increasing number of climate cases. As we have shown above, lawsuits have been initiated against government …”

3. Response measures to climate change S. 13-14

„… recognised the complaint as well-pled and admissible. The case will move forward into the evidentiary phase …” „… contributory share of responsibility for causing the preceding effects. While the facts of this case must still …” „… Vattenfall AB v Federal Republic of Germany ICSID Case No ARB/12/12. Climate change as a challenge for global …”

IV. Conclusion S. 303-304

„… emitters will arise in Australia. This is especially the case if legislatures continue to take regulatory …” „… alternative. IV. Conclusion 62Despite being the country with the second-highest number of climate change cases …” „… of cases to date have arisen in the environmental impact assessment context, there is still the …”

8. Netherlands S. 548-549

„… progressive states in matters of climate change litigation.140 The “Urgenda” case brought there created a …” „… 20.12.2019, case 19/00135, ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2006, English translation available at …” „… https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2007. 143 Rechtbank Den Haag, judgment of 24.06.2015, case C/09/456689/HA ZA 13‐1396, ECLI:NL …”

III. Public law litigation S. 244-250

„… to be taking the more conventional approach, applying traditional legal rules that return the cases …” „… on current impacts, EPA’s analysis was based on the next few decades, in some cases extending up to …” „… Massachusetts v. EPA, but in this case that interpretation would make no sense. Even EPA agreed that …”

I. Introduction S. 509-513

„… emerge.15 The following considerations are based on the German (and EU) legal system and case law. For …” „… of climate cases is increasing worldwide.18 One of the world’s most successful climate cases is the …” „… Urgenda Climate Case in the Netherlands, which was taken to court by the NGO Urgenda together with private …”

I. Introduction S. 324-325

„… ................................................................................. 16 III. “Giudizio universale” (the last judgment): a high-profile case to be litigated by the first …” „… months of 2020 .......................................................... 18 IV. Local court cases that …” „… ................................................................................................ ........ 43 I. Introduction 1 If we consider high-profile cases involving the central Government’s liability …”

III. EU Member State liability within the non-ETS sector: the obligation to purchase surplus allocations from other Member States as financial sanction S. 221-223

„… /EU do include a variety of “flexibility mechanisms” that EU Member States can apply in case they do …” „… case no other flexibility mechanism applies. Regulation 2018/842/EU recognizes the option of transfers …” „… ) Regulation 2018/1999/EU. 23 General Court, Case T‐330/18, Armando Carvalho and Others v European Parliament …”

II. NGO independent access to court as exception to the rule – the German standing rules in a nutshell S. 513-516

„… case in the Netherlands where several NGOs invoke a simple tort provision against Royal Dutch Shell …” „… (internal) corporate responsibility, i.e. shareholder actions. Such cases have not been brought in Germany …” „… . 35 No official court information is available on this case. 36 The most recent example is the case …”

III. Emerging avenues for climate change litigation S. 299-303

„… exponentially, with time.”90 51 Although there has not yet been a test case in Australia, exposure to litigation …” „… , internationally, climate change litigation has taken a ‘rights turn’, with a trend of human rights cases being …” „… Ashgar Leghari case, Pakistan’s Lahore High Court found that a failure to implement existing climate …”

1. Environmental Damage Act S. 549-550

„… constellations and establishes the cost-bearing duties of the responsible party in these cases, but the majority …” „… Hoge Raad, judgment of 20.12.2019, case 19/00135, ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2006, section 5.2.1.-5.2.3. 149 Hoge …” „… Raad, judgment of 20.12.2019, case 19/00135, ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2006, section 5.6.1. 150 Hoge Raad …”

III. Arbitration proceedings S. 100-105

„… agreements exist or that reciprocity is guaranteed. However, as this is frequently not the case, it is often …” „… bylaws of associations, organisations and other bodies. In such cases, the articles of association or …” „… are not published.18 In most cases, the proceedings are not disclosed to the public. This is what many …”

IV. Criminal prosecution of climate activism: an emerging area of climate litigation S. 319-322

„… reissue the ANPS. This is an important distinction between Heathrow Airport and cases like Urgenda and …” „… . Although there was understandable media attention comparing these cases, this distinction remains vital for …” „… reached. 53Therefore, the Heathrow Airport case demonstrates the multipronged nature of climate litigation …”

II. Notion – environmental liability – what does it mean and what is the purpose in the context of a liability regime? S. 151-152

„… damages in most cases cannot be undone completely and that prevention may prove more cost effective than …” „… made to the Trail Smelter case.14 The case constituted a dispute between the USA and Canada concerning …” „… part of the corpus of international law relating to the environment.”16 12 A further case of relevance …”

I. Introduction S. 337-338

„… awareness among the population and decision-makers. Yet the number of climate cases filed in French courts …” „… remains limited. Furthermore, most cases are brought against the State, be it before administrative courts …” „… by experts to judges and civil society. Because climate case law is still in its infancy, it is as …”

II. State immunity and “political question doctrine” S. 123-125

„… only granted in the first case (acta iure imperii).17 In order to judge the nature of the act, the act …” „… .” Cf also BVerfG, NJW 2006, 2542; ECJ Case C-292/05 Lechouritou and others v Bundesrepublik Deutschland …” „… commercial activities. This means that cases like Urgenda v Netherlands23 can only be brought in domestic …”

V. Conclusion S. 95-97

„… national procedural law. In Germany, for example, independent from the case in the Administrative Court of …” „… parliament.81 56In the Urgenda case, the court discarded the warning of the government not to exceed its …” „… be taken. The claim of the petitioners in several national cases aimed at a determination that …”

V. Conclusion S. 505-507

„… and secondary level, cases are conceivable in which a responsible party has to take preventive and …” „… EDA more frequently in climate change litigation cases in the future, an increase in compensation …” „… , water, or land (§ 2 no. 1 EDA). But in principle, such cases are certainly conceivable, so that …”

IV. Suitability of arbitration proceedings for climate change disputes S. 105-114

„… to implement or enforce (political) emission reduction targets. 34The most prominent cases in this …” „… respect are the Urgenda case in the Netherlands35, the Juliana case in the U.S.36 and the Peoples Climate …” „… Case before the European court37. Hundreds of similar cases are pending all over the world. In most of …”

V. Applicable law S. 392-398

„… liability.102 As the RWE case makes clear, claims to forbearance and removal against property immissions …” „… detrimental change is supposedly lacking in the case of noise violations in particular.115 In contrast to CO2 …” „… damage that occurred in the case of the aforementioned “water pollution” is not similarly convincing. If …”

I. Introduction S. 237-238

„… agencies. This category accounts for roughly three-quarters of the cases on the database. U.S. law makes it …” „… companies failed to disclose climate risks to investors or consumers, and cases dealing with climate …” „… protests or involving individual scientists. Those cases will not be discussed in this chapter. 3 It is …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… ................................................................................................ ............................................ 23 1. The case Lliuya v. RWE …” „… . The Francovich criteria for state liability and climate law cases …” „… ......................................... 226 3. Does the nature of the breach of Union law require a different yardstick in climate law cases …”

2. Addressing the consequences of climate change S. 12-13

„… consequences of climate change 51 A second set of cases addresses the consequences or harmful effects of …” „… generally adopted as accurate, several cases seek to establish liability for entities that generate …” „… . 55 An interesting example is the case Lliuya v RWE AG.37 In November 2015 Saúl Luciano Lliuya, a …”

IV. Functions S. 51-54

„… polluter to take preventive measures in case of imminent harm. Or it may be implicit in that the threat of …” „… should be allocated to the polluter as fully as feasible and/or reasonable38. In any case, the …” „… major contribution to this rethinking of the PPP has been made by the recent case law of the European …”

I. Introduction S. 430-431

„… , Haftung für Klimaschäden, ÖJZ 2017/134; Burtscher/Spitzer, Liability for Climate Change: Cases, Challenges …” „… ; Colombo, Enforcing International Climate Change Law in Domestic Courts: A New Trend of Cases for Boosting …” „… ......................................................................... 43 3. Causation in cases of climate change damages ................................... 47 VIII …”

IV. Conclusions S. 377-378

„… climate litigation in the Netherlands. The Urgenda case is arguably the most famous climate case in the …” „… world since it was the first case in which a court of law, the District Court in The Hague on 24 June …” „… right to respect private and family life. In this respect it is a remarkable case, for environmentalists …”

III. The law of delict S. 412-423

„… , the law of delict does not reach situations like the one in the RWE case, reported above, where the …” „… Reconsidering the elements of Section 823 (1) BGB, a pertinent case could be framed like this: By emitting …” „… . aa) The finding of causation. The first major threshold for the claimant to overcome in the RWE case …”

4. Private enforcement S. 554-558

„… reference. In other words: The concretely applicable law in each case would no longer be inferable only from …” „… each case as well as the definition of certain concrete reduction goals in the constitution amounts to …” „… a carte blanche to limit the reduction to the quota demanded in each case and to maintain emissions …”

I. Introduction S. 289-290

„… Litigation in Queensland: A Case Study in Incrementalism 33 Environmental and Planning Law Journal 515 (2016 …” „… , The Courier Mail (2019). Cases: Armando Ferrão Carvalho and Others v. The European Parliament and the …” „… Council (2018), GC Case no. T-330/18; Ashgar Leghari v Federation of Pakistan (W.P. No. 25501/2015 …”

II. The concept of environmental damage S. 489-496

„… case of climate damage, there is a responsible party in the meaning of the EDA, which is liable for the …” „… , which are inherent to all climate change litigation cases. Finally, it treats the legal effects …” „… cl. 1 BNatSchG, injury exists in the case of a damage that has considerable adverse effects on …”

I. Introduction S. 150-151

„… Analysis, 48 ICLQ 731‐756 (1999); Shriver, Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru case, MPEPIL, vol. 2 Oxford …” „… case and before a different national court, German farmers, with the assistance of Greenpeace, claimed …” „… climate change. The claim was dismissed for the lack of the right to sue (Klagebefugnis).2 These two cases …”

I. Introduction S. 120-123

„… ......................... 53 e) No analogous application of Article 5 (1) (ii) in cases of environmental liability …” „… must be answered before a court can start to adjudicate on the substantive merits of the case.1 The …” „… whether the courts of the forum state are competent to hear and decide the case (below, III: Jurisdiction …”

III. Litigation relating to the authority of the federal government to address climate change S. 258-262

„… fuel, Syncrude Canada Ltd. (Syncrude), brought a case against Canada’s Ministry of Environment in 2014 …” „… while avoiding or compensating of negative economic side effects. In some cases, crafting the regime so …” „… different evidence.”46 2. The GHG pollution pricing reference cases 16Effective in January 2019, the …”

VI. Environmental impact S. 437-439

„… In any case, it is irrelevant whether the medium changes adversely.49 The wording of Section 3 (1 …” „… German Environmental Liability Act Nitsch 437 impact.53 Liability in such cases would lead to an excess …” „… cases of damage caused by direct contact – e.g., falling into a container filled with hazardous …”

V. Law of nuisance S. 423-427

„… some cases, (3) breach of duty. Obviously, all of these requirements are familiar from the law of …” „… delict. 83 b) The responsible parties under nuisance law. Traditional case law in German nuisance law …” „… normal case, the legal owner of the object in question is in charge of the thing and thus bears …”

I. Introduction S. 218-219

„… in Environmental Cases, in: Cremona (ed.), Compliance and the Enforcement of EU Law, Oxford …” „… ?, 22 Cambridge Yearbook Eur. L. S., 176 (2016); Kokott/Sobotta, The Kadi Case – Constitutional Core …” „… liability and climate law cases ..... 34 a) Requirements at EU level …”

III. Legal nature S. 48-51

„… ’ Welfare Forum v. Union of India, All India Reports 1996 SC 2715 (leading case). 12 London Convention on …” „… Schwartz, Principles p. 264. 22 ECJ Case C-129/16 Túrkevej Tejtermelö Kft. ECLI:EU:C:2017:547, mns. 36 et …” „… seq.; Case C-378/08 ERG ECLI:EU:C:2010:126, mns. 46, 57‐58, 67; Case C- 534/13 Fipa ECLI:EU:C:2015:140 …”

III. Legal remedies which may be used in climate litigation in Brazil S. 279-281

„… , and the New Brazilian Forest Code. In the case of nuclear damage, article 21, paragraph XXXIII, letter …” „… fortuitous event, cases of force majeure or exclusive fault of a third party does not exclude the obligation …” „… environmental actions foreseen in our legal system. IV. Climate litigation in Brazil: analyses of cases 43 …”

III. Development of a regime on environmental liability: From liability for transboundary harm to genuine international environmental liability S. 152-161

„… transboundary situations. In this respect, reference is to be made to the Trail Smelter case.14 The case …” „… environment.”16 12 A further case of relevance is the Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru case.17 In this case …” „… heritage. 14 3 RIAA 1903 et seq. (1949); see on this case Miller, Trail Smelter Arbitration, in: MPEPIL vol …”

I. Introduction: global warming’s spatiotemporal strangeness – “tricky” to imagine S. 23

„… Nature Climate Change 306 (2019); Spitzer/Burtscher, Liability for Climate Change: Cases, Challenges and …” „… ......................................................................... 3 1. The case Lliuya v. RWE …” „… ) single cases, these (many) individual experiences are only minute pieces of global warming as a whole …”

II. Random sampling: Lliuya v. RWE – approaching liabilities for climate damages inductively S. 23-26

„… ) single cases, these (many) individual experiences are only minute pieces of global warming as a whole …” „… liabilities for climate damages inductively 1. The case Lliuya v. RWE 3In order to dive into global warming’s …” „… spatiotemporal vastness, the article is turning to the case Lliuya v. RWE as an illustrative, though particularly …”

V. Contents and limits S. 54-58

„… . 59; Dupuy/Viñuales, p. 82‐83. 50 ECJ Cases C-379 and 380/08 ERG/ENI ECLI:EU:C:2010:127, mns. 59‐60 …” „… requirements apply. A clear case of coverage of climate damage are agreements that aim at the conservation of …” „… the legislature to specify the PPP are set by the requirement of causation.60 31 In case of vertical …”

IV. State liability under international and European law S. 541-543

„… climate change litigation cases: The plaintiff can choose between the law at the place of damage and the …” „… not addressed in climate actions either, be it in principle or in the particular case.62 3 …” „… liability established under the ECJ’s case law (the so-called Francovich doctrine), the Member States may be …”

3. The role of the legislature and the judiciary S. 538-539

„… environment”. This idea was later applied in the Pulp Mills case, cf Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay …” „… . In these cases, constitutional duties to fight climate change can only be derived from general …” „… well as attributing effects in the case of global geographically remote damages (Distanzschäden) and …”

4. Duties of protection S. 539-540

„… constitutions worldwide contain special provisions on climate change. In these cases, constitutional duties to …” „… case of global geographically remote damages (Distanzschäden) and cumulatively caused damages …” „… , because the plaintiffs were not individually affected (art. 263 para. 4 TFEU).42 In cases in which the …”

I. Introduction S. 82-83

„… ), 55; Bähr/Brunner/Casper/Lustig, KlimaSeniorinnen: lessons from the Swiss senior women’s case for …” „… Status and Future Prospects, 2018, 43; Limon, Human Rights and Climate Change: Constructing a Case for …” „… Urgenda case: a successful example of public interest litigation for the protection of the environment …”

II. Constitutional foundations S. 83-85

„… individuals have tried to speed up the procedure of democratic decision making by bringing cases into national …” „… duty to protect against environmental harm (III.). Based on this understanding and the existing case …” „… . 45 para. 1 Constitution of Spain. 14 Limon, Human Rights and Climate Change: Constructing a Case for …”

I. The German law of non-contractual liability: an overview S. 407-410

„… : Cases, Challenges and Concepts, Enterprises, JETL 177 (2017); Sutherland, Obligations to Reduce …” „… ................................................................................................ 18 II. A prominent case in German courts: Saúl Ananías Luciano Lliuya vs. RWE AG …” „… the particular case at hand. The same is true for causes of action that are scattered across various …”

VII. Summary S. 403-405

„… doubt whether the courts are the right actors to regulate climate change.213 84In the RWE case, too, the …” „… litigation, as it was also introduced in Germany with the RWE case, certainly attracts public attention and …” „… cases, the latter may be situated anywhere in the world. 211 Ahrens, VersR 2019, 645 (646); Hanschel, in …”

7. France S. 546-548

„… de la Terre France/Survie, Manquements graves à la loi sur le devoir de vigilance: Le cas TOTAL en …” „… .140 The “Urgenda” case brought there created a global stir, and lawyers worldwide, for ex. in Germany …” „… . 16), 894 et seq. 142 Hoge Raad, judgment of 20.12.2019, case 19/00135, ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2006, English …”

2. Role of the NGOs S. 550

„… claim an independent legal violation, so for instance in the case Lliuya vs. RWE, in which the farmer …” „… in some cases, regardless of whether their own subjective rights have been injured.156 Following the …” „… granted a right of group action to enforce European environmental law, also in cases that do not fall …”

IV. Concluding observations: Necessary features of a regime on international environmental liability S. 161-166

„… seems to exist. This is not the case. All civil liability regimes either cover transboundary situations …” „… cases are concerned it is reasonable to apply the principle a majore ad minus; if already legal …” „… without ambiguity and a determination has to be made in each specific case. It involves more factual …”

V. Arbitral institutions and climate change S. 114-118

„… (Poland), ClientEarth v ENEA, http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/clientearth-v-enea/; Securities …” „… Fraud lawsuit: US District Court for the Northern District of Texas, Ramirez v Exxon Mobil Corp., Case …” „… Southern District of Texas, Fentress v Exxon Mobil Corp., Case No: 4:16-cv-03484. 73 ICC Commission Report …”

V. Conclusion S. 286-288

„… according to interpretation by the STF. 74 Moreover, the cases referred to, coming from the STJ, are …” „… these times of global warming. Unfortunately, however, this is not the case. The Country still have much …” „… Journal 97 (2019); Bell-James and Ryan, Climate Change Litigation in Queensland: A Case Study in …”

I. Introduction S. 488-489

„… ................................................................................................ ............... 41 a) Case Lliuya vs. RWE …” „… ............................................................................. 42 b) Significance of the case for potential liability under the EDA ... 46 IV. Legal effects …” „… in this volume demonstrate, the possible case constellations are numerous and varied. They range from …”

IV. Evaluation: the legitimate functions of courts in climate protection S. 76-80

„… contribute to the willingness of NGOs and individuals to bring cases before the courts. The public …” „… cases with reference to the separation of powers95 or have felt obliged to address the compatibility of …” „… executive but rather address their failure to act as, for example, in the cases of Leghari or Urgenda. As is …”

3. Corporate climate responsibility S. 550-551

„… claim an independent legal violation, so for instance in the case Lliuya vs. RWE, in which the farmer …” „… in some cases, regardless of whether their own subjective rights have been injured.156 Following the …” „… granted a right of group action to enforce European environmental law, also in cases that do not fall …”

IV. Times, spaces (and agents) of global warming S. 33-43

„… legal doctrines appear in a new light. To give an example, we return to the case Lliuya v. RWE – a …” „… conflict between two human or at least humanly controlled agents. As mentioned above, the case involves …” „… , which allegedly resist easy application to global warming cases.88 For instance, in a comparative …”

I. Introduction S. 254-255

„… pricing reference cases ......................................... 16 IV. Litigation relating to the …” „… ................................................................ 29 1. Cases involving a failure of public bodies to adequately consider GHG emissions …” „… addressed climate change,2 or were of limited scope and impact.3 Meanwhile, the climate cases of national …”

V. Conclusion S. 252-253

„… public nuisance, and make the requisite showing of causation. Along the way, cases may be removed from …” „… more sympathetic state tribunals to federal court. It remains to be seen whether any cases survive this …” „… limbo. But so far, these are exceptional cases. There is little evidence that the Supreme Court has …”

Index S. 561-566

„… court(s) D 32 et seq.; Y 19 et seq. Acid-Rain Case T 44 et seq. Actio doli (German law) T 76 Actio …” „… S 70 et seq. Geographically remote damages X 43 German climate Case Y 45 et seq. German Law of …” „… , 60; C 2, 8, 12, 18, 23, 26, 34 et seq.; T 20 et seq. Local court cases P 39 et seq. Localism; local A …”

II. Greenhouse gas reduction obligations of EU Member States under EU law S. 219-221

„… case they do not meet their domestic emission reduction targets. 13Regulation 2018/842/EU provides for …” „… intended as an ultima ratio in case no other flexibility mechanism applies. Regulation 2018/842/EU …” „… that is mutually 22 Recital (34) Regulation 2018/1999/EU. 23 General Court, Case T‐330/18, Armando …”

I. Introduction S. 380-382

„… central question is: Are private CO2 emitters liable for the effects of global climate change? 2In a case …” „… authorized the plants. The RWE case is different: for the first time, a civil court has to deal with a …” „… claimant in the RWE‐case is supported by German Watch, see https://germanwatch.org/de/derfall-huaraz (last …”

VI. Conclusion S. 530-535

„… compensation relate in particular to cases where sufficient climate protection measures are not effectively …” „… international pioneer? 530 Verheyen/Pabsch determines the case law and jurisprudence. One obvious conclusion …” „… .; Krämer, Climate Cases before the European Courts, JEEPL 2019, 198 et seq.; Lehmann/Eichel, Globaler …”

V. Conclusion: potential and limitations of judicial climate protection S. 80-81

„… , KlimaSeniorinnen: lessons from the Swiss senior women’s case for future climate litigation, Journal of Human Rights …” „… Future Prospects, 2018, 43; Limon, Human Rights and Climate Change: Constructing a Case for Political …” „… Urgenda case: a successful example of public interest litigation for the protection of the environment …”

1. Procedures before civil courts S. 540-541

„… matter and what substantive law applies to the case.47 Kieninger‘s contribution is dedicated to these …” „… cases: The plaintiff can choose between the law at the place of damage and the law at the place of …” „… actions either, be it in principle or in the particular case.62 3. Arbitration proceedings 17In addition …”

III. Climate change litigation and private international law S. 386-387

„… local level, such as with the melting of the particular glacier in the Peru-RWE case outlined above …” „… several states.55 The RWE case involves Peru for one, where there is a risk of flooding because of the …” „… unforeseeable number of cases.60 However, the basic rule of art. 4 of regulation no. 1215/2012 is only supposed …”

3. Emission reduction objectives in the constitution? S. 553-554

„… reference. In other words: The concretely applicable law in each case would no longer be inferable only from …” „… each case as well as the definition of certain concrete reduction goals in the constitution amounts to …” „… a carte blanche to limit the reduction to the quota demanded in each case and to maintain emissions …”

VI. Conclusion S. 427-429

„… successful climate change litigation against private parties, regardless of where the cases are filed. In the …” „… : Cases, Challenges and Concepts, JETL 2017, 137; Chatzinerantzis/Appel, Haftung für den Klimawandel, NJW …” „… Trend of Cases for Boosting Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration?, UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and …”

I. Introduction S. 168-169

„… Earth, World-first climate risk case launched over major coal plant in Poland, 2018 …” „… , https://www.clientearth.org/ world-first-climate-risk-case-launched-over-major-coal-plant-in-poland; Climate Law and …” „… .; Pembina Institute, Environmentalists Win Landmark Oilsands Case, March 2008 …”

II. International policy & treaty commitments to climate justice & investment in carbon neutral/negative sustainable development S. 169-173

„… permitted circumstances in which the Committee may respond to cases of non-compliance are reflective of …” „… , with the first few ‘wins’ in a growing flood of lawsuits. Indeed, some 1744 climate change cases had …” „… States had the highest number of cases at 1393, according to the UN Environment Program and the Sabin …”

V. What can investor-led action achieve? S. 477-486

„… In such cases, premature divesting might also yield negative results. Investors might therefore be …” „… isolated case. In Germany alone, more than 2,500 mid-size companies joined the ‘Entrepreneurs for Future …” „… emissions and setting specific, time-bound goals to meet them, in many cases is significant progress …”

III. Key frameworks: ‘sustainability’, ‘environmental justice’ – and ‘ecological justice’ S. 26-33

„… in climate damages litigation in the case Lliuya v. RWE was not meant to provide definitive solutions …” „… get attuned to this strangeness. 10 The case Lliuya v. RWE has already raised some awareness of the …” „… particularly the case in the context of global warming, where people often use the metaphor’s variation ‘carbon …”

V. Perspective climate litigation to enforce climate law S. 525-530

„… particular case by providing expertise. Ultimately, however, the legal institution of the intervention is …” „… is the case since it is does not expect that climate protection programs under § 9 KSG will 140 BGBl …” „… in addition if targets are not met. In the latter case, the existing climate protection program …”

2. Applicable law S. 541

„… climate change litigation cases: The plaintiff can choose between the law at the place of damage and the …” „… not addressed in climate actions either, be it in principle or in the particular case.62 3 …”

3. Arbitration proceedings S. 541

„… climate change litigation cases: The plaintiff can choose between the law at the place of damage and the …” „… not addressed in climate actions either, be it in principle or in the particular case.62 3 …”

II. Climate change law and litigation in Brazil S. 274-279

„… development is a constitutional principle according to a leading case of the Supreme Federal Court.17 There is …” „… worst-case scenario, environmental degradation and deforestation may have a dramatic negative financial …” „… Brazil, Supreme Federal Court, case ADI-MC 3540/2009. 5.5.2009. Justice Celso de Mello. 18 The New York …”

V. Conclusion S. 335-336

„… , the only precedents of climate litigation in Italy have local relevance. However, a high-profile case …” „… expertise that the parties will bring to the case. P. Climate change litigation in Italy Butti 335 Q …”

II. The Paris Agreement and the legal nature of its provisions S. 200-208

„… legally binding substantive obligations stays in stark contrast to an ever-growing number of cases …” „… decisions. This is not the case with regard to the exclusion clause, which was thought to serve for …” „… draw attention to the topic and coincide with a remarkable increase in cases addressing climate change …”

II. Climate law and governance in Canada S. 255-258

„… or adopt climate-related measures. In part IV, we discuss climate cases that address the obligations …” „… the heart of two important climate cases in Canada. 6 This constitutional context, along with the …” „… produces diesel fuel, Syncrude Canada Ltd. (Syncrude), brought a case against Canada’s Ministry of …”

I. Introduction S. 199-200

„… , Enforcing International Climate Change Law in Domestic Courts: A New Trend of Cases for Boosting Principle …” „… ?.................................................................................................. ... 43 b) Case law …” „… contrast to an ever-growing number of cases since13, with many of them relying directly or indirectly on …”

VIII. Temporal scope of application S. 445-446

„… cases of such diffuse causation shall not be subject to the UmweltHG.136 This is a perspective that …” „… Liability Act Nitsch 445 Considering that in the case of climate change damages it is unclear which emission …”

IX. Conclusion S. 446-447

„… Considering that in the case of climate change damages it is unclear which emission was emitted …” „… , C.H. Beck 2019; Easterbrook/ Fischel, Optimal Damges in Securities Cases, 52 University of Chicago Law …”

II. Challenges (and possibilities) for global governance and international law S. 3-7

„… insufficient action on the climate challenge, change will change happen? In any case, it is perhaps safe to say …” „… change through the reduction of GHGs (“mitigation”). In this context, in many cases worldwide plaintiffs …” „… January 2019 in the Conseil d’Etat, the highest administrative court in France. Another case, Notre …”

I. Introduction S. 46

„… Polluter-Pays Principle in EU Law – Bold Case Law and Poor Harmonisation, in: Backer/ Fauchald/Voigt (eds.), Pro …” „… in Climate Law, 5 Climate Law 25, 2015; Zahar, The Contested Case of Climate Law, 8 Climate Law 244 …”

1. Primacy of the legislature, supplemental function of the courts S. 551-552

„… so by their courts. However, in case of complete inactivity or obviously deficient climate protection …” „… registered as case 1 BvR 2656/18; on another announced constitutional complaint against the German …”

II. The scientific bases of climate change S. 382-386

„… means of an individual case (strategic litigation).11 What is more, this attempt to guide others …” „… individual case at hand. (…) Successful strategic litigation brings about lasting political, economic or …” „… regional or even the local level, such as with the melting of the particular glacier in the Peru-RWE case …”

V. Conclusions S. 196-197

„… dispute, there is a need to make a sound case.202 V. Conclusions 70 Certain sustainable development …” „… International Climate Change Law in Domestic Courts: A New Trend of Cases for Boosting Principle 10 of the Rio …”

2. Basic right or state objective: climate protection in the national constitutions? S. 552-553

„… measures voluntarily and were not forced to do so by their courts. However, in case of complete inactivity …” „… registered as case 1 BvR 2656/18; on another announced constitutional complaint against the German …”

V. Coda: “more time tunnels of different sizes” S. 43-45

„… University Press 2002; de Sadeleer, The Polluter-Pays Principle in EU Law – Bold Case Law and Poor …” „… ; Zahar, The Contested Case of Climate Law, 8 Climate Law 244, 2018. Contents I. Introduction …”

VI. Instruments S. 58-60

„… or discriminatory financial burdens of environmental taxes on poor consumers.70 In such cases the …” „… obligation to prevent imminent damage and remediate existing damage, but in case of non-compliance or for …”

II. Basic principles of the UmweltHG S. 431-433

„… Act Nitsch 431 according to local conditions. Furthermore, in a case of damage caused by a …” „… operating regulations under public law. In case of conflicting confidentiality interests, the right to …”

V. Damages subject to the UmweltHG S. 435-437

„… can occur in cases in which persons are deprived of their liberty – for their own protection – because …” „… 47, but should be irrelevant.48 In any case, it is irrelevant whether the medium changes adversely.49 …”

I. Introduction S. 272-274

„… in Brazil: analyses of cases........................................... 43 1. Precedent of the …” „… caused by human intervention. In the Brazilian case, they are caused especially due to the deforestation …”

II. Regulatory and planning framework on climate change in Italy S. 325-329

„… ” (the last judgment): a high-profile case to be litigated by the first months of 2020 18In Italy, a …” „… first publicly presented on 5 June 2019. The public appeal related to the case currently counts more …”

IV. Passive legal status of NGO’s S. 525

„… particular case by providing expertise. Ultimately, however, the legal institution of the intervention is …”

I. Introduction S. 450-452

„… Cases, 52 University of Chicago Law Review 611 (1985); Easterbrook/Fischel, The Economic Structure of …” „… ; on further cases Saage-Maaß, ECCHR/Brot für die Welt/MISEREOR (publ.), Unternehmen zur Verantwortung …”

2. Polluter-pays principle S. 538

„… environment”. This idea was later applied in the Pulp Mills case, cf Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay …”

II. Climate change disputes S. 99-100

„… and whose conduct can be influenced by means of law. Today, a large number of court cases are pending …”

IV. Facilities subject to the UmweltHG S. 434-435

„… in cases in which persons are deprived of their liberty – for their own protection – because, for …”

1. USA S. 543-544

„… liability cases (the so-called political question doctrine).81 Others do not grant the plaintiffs legal …”

4. Australia S. 544-545

„… . Part 6. Conclusions 544 Kahl/Weller argumentative structures of public-law cases could be utilized …”

1. Sustainability and environmental justice S. 537-538

„… relating to the environment”. This idea was later applied in the Pulp Mills case, cf Pulp Mills on the …”

5. United Kingdom S. 545-546

„… argumentative structures of public-law cases could be utilized productively for private law. In …”

I. Introduction S. 98-99

„… number of court cases are pending to hold the (alleged) contributors to climate change accountable or …”

VII. Conclusion S. 60-62

„… implement their obligation to prevent imminent damage and remediate existing damage, but in case of …”

5. Conclusion S. 558-561

„… to court(s) D 32 et seq.; Y 19 et seq. Acid-Rain Case T 44 et seq. Actio doli (German law) T 76 Actio …”

IV. Time for investor-led action S. 475-477

„… . Liability for climate damages – Germany as an international pioneer? 476 Duve/Hamama In such cases …”

I. Introduction: climate change – a global threat S. 2-3

„… insufficient action on the climate challenge, change will change happen? In any case, it is perhaps safe to say …”

II. Historical development and state of recognition S. 46-48

„… , All India Reports 1996 SC 2715 (leading case). 12 London Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness …”

III. Climate protection and current corporate law S. 455-464

„… differentiations Grigoleit/Tomasic, in: Grigoleit (ed.), Aktiengesetz Kommentar, 2013, § 93, mns 9 et seq. 51 Case …” „… .), Kommentar zum Aktiengesetz, 4th ed., 2019, § 91, mns 47 et seq. in each case with further references; but …”

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