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Klaus Lackhoff - Banking Supervision and COVID-19

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Klaus Lackhoff (ed.)

Banking Supervision and COVID-19

Series: Beck International

Volume 2021

Results in this title

II. General principles S. 238-242

„… potential limits stemming from the regulatory rules themselves, but also from the interplay with general …” „… principles under German law. II. General principles 8 Before entering into a detailed analysis of COVID-19 …” „… -related implications, it is worth recalling the general principles on which EU banks’ remuneration systems …”

II. Oversight of LSIs in general S. 180-181

„… procyclicylity of the system be reduced? II. Oversight of LSIs in general 3 Before adressing the COVID-19-related …” „… supervisory treatment of LSIs in the following section, some general aspects of the oversight of LSIs shall be …” „… – prudential and legal issues 180 Hofmann/Achtelik ECB may issue regulations, guidelines or general …”

II. Sources of administrative law establishing time-limits for ECB supervisory procedures S. 83-89

„… Moreover, whereas in some MS, it is the national parliament that decides on general time-limits, in other …” „… applicable time-limits, either by issuing legal acts of general application or individual acts to certain …” „… Austrian General Administrative Procedures Act (AVG)7, that administrative authorities need to decide on 3 …”

I. Introduction S. 82-83

„… include general administrative principles (significantly shaped by numerous rulings of the EU courts2 …” „… comprise both the European Court of Justice and the General Court. 82 Almhofer those national laws or …” „… national parliament that decides on general time-limits, in other MS, the administrative authorities or …”

III. National laws on suspending time-limits in supervisory procedures S. 89-94

„… general procedure laws are only applicable in the absence of any other procedural rule that is more …” „… specific (“subsidiär anwendbar”). As regards those general procedure laws, Sec 1(1) of the Administrative …” „… apply the general administrative procedure laws of the MS, such as the Austrian AVG.42 None- 35 For this …”

I. Introduction S. 130-131

„… adopted different measures,3 that included general debt moratoria, payment holidays, public guarantees on …” „… stability of credit institutions on individual and systemic level – already shaken by the general crisis …” „… competent authority. 9Nonetheless, the legislator adopted a general emergency provision in March of 2020 …”

IV. Commitments undertaken by the banking sector S. 111-114

„… approval of the general assembly of shareholders80. However, one may consider such approach as based on a …” „… situation of the application of general payment moratoria84. The EBA Guidelines provide that the application …” „… of a general moratorium should not lead to reclassify the exposures under the definition of …”

II. The Banking Union-judgement S. 272-278

„… supervising less significant credit institutions in accordance with the regulations, guidelines and general …” „… the jurisprudence of the CJEU and General Court in their judgements in the case Landeskreditbank …” „… well as actions against the ECB’s decisions under Art. 263 TFEU before the General Court.52 22bb …”

I. Introduction S. 236-238

„… practice, business model, size and culture of an institution, the ECB’s general expectation is that banks …” „… themselves, but also from the interplay with general principles of contract and labour law. In this respect …” „… , again, we will focus on contract and labour law principles under German law. II. General principles 8 …”

II. Italy’s legislative provisions on banking supervision in response to the Corona crisis S. 131-135

„… competent authority. 9Nonetheless, the legislator adopted a general emergency provision in March of 2020 …” „… . The general suspension of terms and deadlines 12Under Article 103 of Law Decree No 18 of 17 March …” „… possibility that the enforced general restrictions may impact negatively on the timely carrying out of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… ............................................................. 84 a) General principles for determining procedural rules applicable to the ECB ............. 84 b …” „… ................................................................................................ ......................................... 101 3. General observations …” „… ................................................................................................ ................ 104 a) General description …”

IV. Level of application S. 49-51

„… General Court of the ECJ in relation to a restriction on the distribution of dividends of a bank in case …” „… directly and individually concern minority shareholders. In the view of the General Court, the common …” „… general assembly.” In the updated Recommendation ECB/2020/35 this text is now in amended form included in …”

VI. Conclusion S. 81-82

„… same time the general objective of ensuring the adequacy and appropriateness of the internal models in …” „… provisions on EU level relevant for administrative procedures include general administrative principles …” „… Justice and the General Court. 82 Almhofer …”

I. Introduction S. 219-220

„… ); – Non-general, multi-sectoral wage subsidies. II. Addressing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the solvency …” „… terms. As a general rule, such public investment falls outside the scope of State aid control and the …” „… a general scheme or a legislative measure adopted to address specific cases. During the financial …”

II. Addressing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the solvency of banks S. 220-221

„… ); – Precautionary Recapitalisation (see 3.b)bb) below); – Non-general, multi-sectoral wage subsidies. II. Addressing …” „… conditions because a private economic investor would carry it out on the same terms. As a general rule, such …” „… . National public support measures require a legislative basis either in the form of a general scheme or a …”

III. Implications for the 2020 bonus decision in respect of the bonus for 2019 S. 242-243

„… recommendations must be tested against the contractual agreements in place and general principles of contract and …” „… general principles of contract and labour law, both the determination and vesting of variable remuneration …” „… current projections come true and the expected general economic downturn, and related 25 So-called …”

III. Supervisory measures adopted by the Bank of Italy to confront the pandemic S. 135-145

„… of the EU Commission on the compatibility of the general scheme with the State aid rules,25 in the …” „… evaluate the general scheme adopted by the Italian government in accordance (also) with the Temporary …” „… , General% 20Pages/Coronavirus/EBA%20Statement%20on%20Coronavirus.pdf>. The EBA “recommends CAs to plan …”

I. Introduction S. 57-59

„… would allow supervisors and the general public to monitor the effects of the pandemic. However, calling …” „… expected credit losses on a financial instrument. In general, an entity is required to recognise a loss …” „… and, in general, shall not take into account other drivers of ECL, such as collateral8. Moreover, the …”

III. Supervisory and regulatory reliefs in reaction to corona crisis for LSIs S. 181-189

„… ECB may issue regulations, guidelines or general instructions to national competent authorities …” „… the national macroprudential authorities. In Germany, as a consequence, the BaFin had issued a general …” „… 2020, https://eba.europa.eu/sites/default/documents/files/document_library/General%20 …”

IV. Implications for variable remuneration for performance in 2020 S. 243-250

„… relevant points in time. 27Such reservation reflects that, under general principles of contract and labour …” „… the expected general economic downturn, and related 25 So-called modification right (Gestaltungsrecht …” „… institution is under stress and bonuses for the general bonus population, which are not linked to a target …”

III. Compatibility of public investment with State aid rules and conditionality S. 221-226

„… . Article 18(1) SRMR (Article 32(2) BRRD). According to paragraph 34 of the Order of the General Court of 6 …” „… Temporary Framework of 19 March 2020 (as amended) only applies to non-financial companies.13 In general …” „… closure of branches. 24 c) State aid assessed under the banking rules. There are general principles …”

II. Purposes pursued by the dividend recommendation S. 43-48

„… broader perspective a glimpse to some general questions which may also have a legal bearing, at least from …” „… general, to the detriment of other creditors56. In the aftermath of the Financial Crisis economic …” „… a level below what would have been a general binding framework, even if linked to some sort of …”

III. Upcoming challenges for the European banking industry in the long-run S. 203-216

„… Agricole, Société Générale, BPCE, ING, Unicredit, Santander, Santander Chartered, HSBC, Barclays, Credit …” „… – current challenges, Keynote speech of Luis de Guindos at the Annual General Meeting of the Foreign Bankers …” „… Guindos at the Annual General Meeting of the Foreign Bankers’ Association, Amsterdam, 15 November 2018. 57 …”

III. Ultra vires review of SSM- and SRM-measures? S. 278-279

„… the SRB before the General Court and the CJEU, will in future consider seeking an ultra vires review …” „… before the General Court under Art. 263 TFEU according to the CJEU’s jurisprudence85, it must also appeal …”

II. Relations with the ACPR S. 100-104

„… January 2017 portant statut général des autorités administratives indépendantes et des autorités publiques …” „… submission with the one on the basis of which they could already have started to work. 3. General …” „… compensations. 2. French State Guarantee 18 a) General description. One of the most emblematic measures aiming …”

III. Compatibility of public investment with resolution regime S. 226-230

„… investment with resolution regime 1. Conditions for resolution: Failing or likely to fail? 31 As a general …” „… Article 107 (1) TFEU, the bank would, as a general rule, be considered failing or likely to fail, unless …” „… general, the Commission’s relaxation of the State aid rules in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic mainly …”

I. Overview S. 148-149

„… Spain from 14 of March 2020. As a general rule, all time limits applicable to administrative proceedings …” „… administrative deadlines. 7Royal Decree 463/2020 sets forth several exceptions to the general rule of suspension …”

I. Introduction S. 179-180

„… the crisis? And, should the procyclicylity of the system be reduced? II. Oversight of LSIs in general …” „… general aspects of the oversight of LSIs shall be outlined first: What are LSIs, how does the interaction …”

V. Conclusion S. 128-130

„… included general debt moratoria, payment holidays, public guarantees on loans (especially to enterprises …” „… systemic level – already shaken by the general crisis – and the respect of the highest standards of …”

III. Measures intending to promote the granting of loans to corporates S. 104-111

„… as it also covers variable compensations. 2. French State Guarantee 18 a) General description. One of …” „… of having a law setting some general principles that are further specified by an order adopted by the …” „… distribution included in the agenda of the general assembly that has already been transmitted to the …”

II. Operational relief measures regarding internal models S. 75-77

„… operational relief measure described in 1. was complemented by a general postponement of the issuance of new …” „… responsibility for potential general changes is with the EBA who confirmed in a press release on June 18, 2020 …”

IV. This book S. 4-7

„… significant credit institutions and the rationale underlying these measures. In general, the measures adopted …” „… models. Moreover, general legal issues connected with the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) (like the …”

II. Impairment under IFRS 9 S. 59-61

„… entity to consider expected credit losses on a financial instrument. In general, an entity is required to …” „… financial instrument7 and, in general, shall not take into account other drivers of ECL, such as collateral8 …”

IV. Macroeconomic forecasts S. 67-74

„… . IFRS 9 requires the use of information on general economic conditions58. To incorporate these …” „… , general economic conditions and an assessment of both the current as well as the forecast direction of …” „… adjustments when it is not possible to reflect the effects of the pandemic in their models71. 58 In general …”

V. Material scope of application S. 51-53

„… the general assembly.” In the updated Recommendation ECB/2020/35 this text is now in amended form …” „… used to define dividends (“approval by general assembly”) the update of the Recommendation pursues a …”

IV. The ECB’s public sector purchase programmes in the courts S. 259-265

„… primary objective, the ECB is also requested to support the general economic policies in the EU with a …” „… shall be to maintain price stability and, without prejudice to this objective, to support the general …” „… questions remains whether the Bundesverfassungsgericht would concur. In general, the reasoning of the ECB …”

I. Introduction S. 269-272

„… ) takes place in administrative review proceedings and before the General Court respectively the Court of …” „… . 1–237. Bewens/ Schadtle (fn. 3), paras. 15 et seq. 5 For a general overview on the System of the ESCB …”

II. Description of the pre-existing (Capital Requirements Regulation) CRR regime and the Commission proposal for quick fixes S. 7-15

„… prudential backstop)32. There is however an exemption from this general rule for those NPEs guaranteed or …” „… from the general rule that intangible assets have to be deducted58. However the date of application of …” „… Article 429a(7) of the CRR. 69 See general observations of ECB opinion CON/2020/16. 70 See ECB opinion CON …”

II. COVID-19 driven legislative measures implemented relevant for banks S. 149-162

„… deadlines was introduced in Spain from 14 of March 2020. As a general rule, all time limits applicable to …” „… suspension of administrative deadlines. 7Royal Decree 463/2020 sets forth several exceptions to the general …” „… certain circumstances of the family unit. The general limit is three times the IPREM20. The general limit …”

V. Assessment of requests for initial approval, material changes or extensions S. 81

„… same time the general objective of ensuring the adequacy and appropriateness of the internal models in …”

III. Overview of the individual changes pronounced for supervision S. 118-128

„… of P2G.44 Accordingly, the BaFin pronouncements confine themselves to pointing out, in a general …” „… underwriting) tasks, but pointed – in a rather vague and general manner – to the need to adequately manage …” „… for qualitative pillar II measures, BaFin’s pronouncements remain limited to a rather vague general …”

IV. Impact of other support measures on internal models S. 80-81

„… same time the general objective of ensuring the adequacy and appropriateness of the internal models in …”

IV. Relevance of globally consistent measures from supervisors and policymakers S. 171-172

„… requirements set by the ECB in general, the industry would welcome receiving aggregated feedback in order to …”

VI. Outlook S. 268-269

„… administrative review proceedings and before the General Court respectively the Court of Justice of the European …”

I. The Corona Crisis S. 1-2

„… measures to help in particular undertakings. While in general assessed as needed, this will increase public …”

III. Why (only) a dividend recommendation? S. 48-49

„… )(a) SSMR regulation refers to regulations, guidelines and general instructions. 69 According to a …”

III. Crisis specific ad-hoc reporting expectations S. 170-171

„… general, the industry would welcome receiving aggregated feedback in order to promote best practices. This …”

V. Conclusions S. 230-231

„… general, the Commission’s relaxation of the State aid rules in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic mainly …”

II. The broader context at a glimpse S. 2-3

„… undertakings. While in general assessed as needed, this will increase public debt – and that is different to …”

III. What does this mean for banking supervision in Europe? S. 3-4

„… significant credit institutions and the rationale underlying these measures. In general, the measures adopted …”

I. Introduction S. 114-115

„… general characteristic of the German supervisory response to the pandemic is that it is largely …” „… footnote 42, but this applies to German corporate law generally and is not limited to banks or other …”

IV. Emergency national measures on banking resolution S. 145-146

„… , in general, on a combination of emergency liquidity, capital and monetary policy measures, including …”

IV. Conclusion S. 38-40

„… vote on a dividend distribution proposal in their upcoming General Shareholders Meeting prior to the …”

VI. Conclusion S. 252-254

„… created by these rules themselves and those stemming from the general principles of contract and labour …” „… Justice (ECJ), not least because such “popular actions” are generally not admissible there.2 2 One reason …”

V. Possible amendments to remuneration systems in reaction to COVID-19 S. 250-252

„… stemming from the general principles of contract and labour law. Institutions cannot “simply reduce” the …”

IV. Conclusion S. 279-281

„… before the General Court under Art. 263 TFEU according to the CJEU’s jurisprudence85, it must also appeal …”

II. Effectiveness of COVID-19-related measures S. 168-170

„… legal reference was mentioned. This is line with the general understanding that information letters are …” „… generally also apply to the supervisory dialogue of the ECB staff with its supervised institutions.7 14The …” „… ), , however, these legal requirements for ECB measures do not generally apply to the informal supervisory …”

II. Analysis of the supervisory measures taken by the ECB S. 25-34

„… on the ECB’s banking supervision website at www.bankingsupervision.europa.eu. 30 See the General …” „… proposal in their upcoming general shareholders meeting were expected to amend such proposals in line with …”

III. Measures addressing internal models for specific risk types S. 77-80

„… responsibility for potential general changes is with the EBA who confirmed in a press release on June 18, 2020 …”

V. The legality of the PEPP S. 265-268

„… questions remains whether the Bundesverfassungsgericht would concur. In general, the reasoning of the ECB …” „… Bundesverfassungsgericht generally require to rule out a violation of Article 123 para. 1 TFEU. This concerns in particular …”

I. The content of the Dividend Recommendation S. 40-43

„… asked their shareholders to vote on a dividend distribution proposal in their upcoming General …”

II. Legal nature of the announcements made by BaFin and Bundesbank S. 115-118

„… under its supervision but also released to the general public. Legally, the document constitutes BaFin’s …” „… governance arrangements, internal processes, risk management and compliance – generally, qualitative aspects …”

V. Conclusions S. 190-193

„… addition, relief measures are primarily in the interest of the real economy and the general public. Insofar …”

III. OMT and PSPP as background S. 256-259

„… by ECB Decision (EU) 2020/188 of 3 February 2020.19 In addition to the general eligibility criteria …” „… was launched to counter two unfavourable developments: first, the generally weak inflation dynamics …” „… marketable debt securities. While under the PSPP the issuer of public debt securities shall generally29 have …”

VI. Excursus: Asset relief measures S. 231-236

„… apply a uniform assessment criterion to the relief, which must comply with the general principles of …” „… market. 2. Public intervention in asset relief measures 58 Generally, the strategies to deal with NPLs …” „… generally entered the crisis with strong capital and liquidity buffers, the COVID-19 crisis is expected to …”

III. Final CRR amendments adopted by the co-legislators on 24 June 2020 S. 15-20

„… . 69 See general observations of ECB opinion CON/2020/16. 70 See ECB opinion CON/2020/16, paragraph 5 …” „… . The ECB generally supported the proposals, but also suggested possible amendments to the rules …”

II. Regulatory challenges for banks during the crisis S. 196-203

„… of measures taken by national governments and EU bodies, such as general moratoria or exemptions from …”

III. Collective assessment S. 61-67

„… individual level is generally insufficient for loans to retail customers and small businesses as these are …” „… , historically, such a sudden and sharp increase in interest rates generally led to an increased number of …” „… , which is generally true for retail and SME clients and even more prominent during the pandemic – but …”

I. Internal models – a short recap S. 74-75

„… decision process, i.e. generally after an on-site assessment as well. In such a supervisory decision …”

VII. A possible way forward S. 177-179

„… where needed and without generally affecting the consistent approach of ensuring a European …”

I. Introduction S. 254-255

„… Justice (ECJ), not least because such “popular actions” are generally not admissible there.2 2 One reason …”

doi.org/10.17104/9783406779282

Ulrich Koester - Foundations of Agricultural Market Analysis and Agricultural Policy

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Ulrich Koester

Foundations of Agricultural Market Analysis and Agricultural Policy

2020

Results in this title

1. General References S. 419-420

„… References 1. General References 1.1 Empirical and actual Information Agra Europe, German Edition …” „… on Agriculture: The Implementation Experience: Developing Country Case Studies (general editor …”

Chapter 1: Introduction S. 1-12

„… agricultural policy is a part of general policy. As a result an explanation of agricultural policy activities …” „… is only possible if the general political context is taken into account. Scientific agricultural …” „… chapter when commenting on the value judgement issue and the general role of scientists. Scientific …”

Chapter 10: Epilog S. 409-418

„… led to highly positive welfare effects in other sectors (e. g. general positive effects produced by …” „… concerning exceptions from the general rule in relation to the problem of rebates. Rebates were initiated …” „… the UK’s point of view that the effects of the general rule should be questioned. Thatcher won the …”

Chapter 9: Principles of EU Market Organizations: Development and Perspectives S. 430-431

„… . Salhofer, Measuring the Social Costs of Suboptimal Combination of Policy Instruments – A General Framework …” „… , (EC) No 1290/2005 and (EC) No 485/2008. EU Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural …” „… Analysis of (Agricultural) Policy. A General Framework and a Review. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol …”

Chapter 6: Policy makers and objectives of the EU agricultural policy S. 221-240

„… , agriculture must be put in a position, by means of general economic and agricultural policy – in particular …” „… multifunctionality has only been propagated in politics since the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade …” „… general, agricultural policy can be influenced by the enactment of laws and regulations containing …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… economics. While agricultural economics falls under general economics, it is special in including …” „… analysis presented in this book uses a general framework for policy evaluation that can be applied to any …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 1. General References …”

Chapter 5: Agricultural markets as a policy problem S. 175-220

„… Environmental concerns In general, the awareness for the environment has increased in most countries over time …” „… , principally by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT). The external rate of protection could not …” „… more on invisible than on visible transfers before the CAP reform of 199238. Nevertheless, the general …”

Chapter 6: Objectives of Agricultural Policies and Actors S. 426

„… . A General Framework and a Review. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 50, No. 3, 1999. pp …”

Chapter 8: On the political economy of EU agricultural market policy: Why is the policy as it is? S. 331-366

„… referred to above, in general terms. If, for example, it becomes apparent that the change in the economic …” „… a general increase in income, the beneficiaries often do not attribute this to the policy change …” „… defining the European Union’s “general political objectives and priorities”, without itself acting in a …”

Chapter 7: Instruments of Agricultural Policies S. 426-427

„… . A General Framework and a Review. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 50, No. 3, 1999. pp …”

Chapter 3: The Supply of Agricultural Products S. 75-104

„… . In general terms, the following equation can be applied: S S 1 1 1 2 n 1 mq q (p ,p ,...,p ,r ,...,r …” „… = (3.10) If this behavior is taken into account in the general formula for optimization through profit …” „… each quantity of good 1 produced. In general, the price reduction for good 1 will lead to a decrease …”

Chapter 9: Basic principles of the EU agricultural market organizations, development and perspectives S. 367-408

„… expenditure is financed by two funds forming part of the EU’s general budget: The European Agricultural …” „… productivity by means of general economic and agricultural policy, in particular trade, tax, credit and price …” „… organizations in 1962 with the 3819.2 Development of EU agricultural market policy general basic principles of …”

Index S. 435-440

„… fluctuations 299 fundamental factors 165 futures exchanges 171 G GATT 185, 244 general equilibrium models …”

Chapter 2: Demand for Agricultural Products and Agricultural Inputs S. 13-74

„… was a free good and its price was 5 The general function of an iso-elastic demand curve is: D1 1q p …” „… , or of production factors in general: (a) Producers seek to maximize profits. This hypothesis is …” „… producing flax and hemp, rearing riding horses and, more generally, providing tourist services. The …”

Chapter 7: Instruments of EU agricultural policy S. 241-330

„… instruments used for general economic policy and those used for agricultural policy. Agricultural policy …” „… . Calculable general equilibrium models are also frequently used. However, determining all the coefficients …” „… In general, foreign trade protection means a partial renunciation of market principles. The …”

Chapter 4: Agricultural price formation S. 105-174

„… general usage. For example, there is talk of a market imbalance on the EU agricultural markets because …” „… into account. Importance of costs and demand for the level of equilibrium market prices As a general …” „… prices are given. It is obvious that general equilibrium always involves commodity-market equilibrium and …”

doi.org/10.15358/9783800663507

Christoph G. Paulus, Reinhard Dammann - European Preventive Restructuring

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Christoph G. Paulus (ed.), Reinhard Dammann (ed.)

European Preventive Restructuring

Series: Beck International

Volume 2021

Results in this title

A. General comments S. 288-289

„… inaccordance with paragraph 6 in an accessible and user-friendly manner.Recitals: 92, 93OutlineA. General …” „… ).................................................................. 16A. General comments1 Article 29 deals with a subject matter that is as critical to the enterprise …”

A. General comments S. 270-271

„… or in the sameprocedure.Recitals: 72, 84OutlineA. General comments …” „… ) ...................................................................... 10A. General comments1 As Article 1 par. 4 makes clear, the Directive does not encroach upon Member …”

B. Proceedings and measures falling within the scope of the Directive S. 37-46

„… not trigger a general stay of individual enforcement actions, but thedebtor may ask, on a case by case …” „… potentially interfere with creditors’ rights. Article 6 provides for apossible general stay of individual …” „… general stay of enforce-ment actions would appear only justifiable if the debtor is likely to become …”

Article 10. Confirmation of restructuring plans (Garcimartin) S. 167-176

„… administrative authority to make it bindingon the parties. In general terms, such a confirmation is necessary to …” „… the general rules of civil and commerciallaw. In such a case, the plan is a purely contractual …” „… arrangement between the debtor andits creditors, governed by the general rules of civil law and commercial law …”

Article 12. Equity holders (Garcimartin) S. 189-198

„… company’s directors. Further-more, under general out-of-insolvency rules, equity holders enjoy a “veto …” „… ” right onany restructuring plan that seeks to impair them. In accordance with generalcompany-law rules …” „… is divided in three paragraphs. The first one lays down the general rule, i.e.Member States shall …”

Article 6. Stay of individual enforcement actions (Richter) S. 103-124

„… causingprejudice or generally acts against the legitimate expectations of the general body ofcreditors.” Finally …” „… causing prejudice or generally acts against the legitimate expectationsof the general body of creditors …” „… stay of individual enforcement actions canbe general, covering all creditors, or can be limited …”

Article 4. Availability of preventive restructuring frameworks (Garcimartin) S. 85-97

„… ................................................................................................ ............ 32I. General aspects …” „… interestbut of general or collective interests. This understanding is key to interpret andimplement the …” „… general obligation to establish preventive restructuring frameworks,Article 4 addresses some particular …”

C. Derogations in other well-defined circumstances S. 262-264

„… thedischarge procedure, cf. Recital 78.7 The general description of dishonesty in Recital 79 to some extent …” „… theDirective, if a Member State in its national has a general rule that becoming insolvent isin itself a …” „… dishonest behaviour. Recital 79 lists a number of general factors that may undernational be taken into …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… ......................................................................................... .................................................... XVIIIntroduction (Paulus)A. General overview; structure …” „… ................................................................................................ .................................... 94I. General aspects …” „… ........................................................... 100I. General remarks …”

Article 7. Consequences of the stay of individual enforcement actions (Richter) S. 124-141

„… States can also think in terms of a general restriction of the debtor’s powersto deal with its assets …” „… Directive’s stay should not be the “flipping” of the directors’fiduciary duties from the company in general …” „… not be in the general interest ofcreditors.4. Member States shall provide for rules preventing …”

Article 5. Debtor in possession (Veder) S. 97-103

„… and creditors in negotiating and drafting theplan, at least in the following cases:(a) where a general …” „… .................................. 13I. General remarks …” „… . Appointment of a practitioner in the field of restructuringI. General remarks13 Implementing the debtor in …”

H. The relationship between the Directive, the EIR 2015 and Brussels Ia S. 50-59

„… ; Sax/Swierczok, ICR 2016; Sax/Swierczok, ZIP 2017, 601 et seq.Title I. General ProvisionsArt. 1 52–5550 …” „… forsuitable measures to protect the general body of creditors, and, where no agreement isreached, are …” „… .95 Recital EIR 13, last sentence.96 Recital EIR 14, sentences 1–3.Title I. General ProvisionsArt. 1 …”

B. Entrepreneurs that have acted dishonestly or in bad faith S. 261-262

„… entrepreneur to enter thedischarge procedure, cf. Recital 78.7 The general description of dishonesty in Recital …” „… consistent with theDirective, if a Member State in its national has a general rule that becoming insolvent …” „… isin itself a dishonest behaviour. Recital 79 lists a number of general factors that may undernational …”

Article 18. Protection for other restructuring related transactions (Lynch Fannon) S. 229-238

„… declaredvoid, voidable or unenforceable on the ground that such transactions are detrimen-tal to the general …” „… , voidable or unenforceable on theground that such transactions are detrimental to the general body of …” „… as being detrimental tothe general body of creditors can be collectively described as ‘transactional …”

B. Definitions S. 61-76

„… payment of a waiver-fee.4 It is no longer necessary to convene a general shareholders’ meeting to vote a …” „… .), Handbuch zur Insolvenz, 2020.Title I. General ProvisionsArt. 2 6–1162 Dammannprotective approach in favour …” „… simple. Even a straight sale of the firm for cash takes time.Title I. General ProvisionsArt. 2 16–2164 …”

Directive (EU) 2019/1023 of the European Parliament and of the Council S. 9-35

„… 2019.9disposal of assets, should comply with the general requirements that are providedfor under national …” „… internal market in general and for a workingCapital Markets Union in particular, as well as for the …” „… restructuring where: a judicial or administrativeauthority grants the debtor a general stay of individual …”

D. Which early warning tools must be available? S. 80-83

„… the possibility to obtain advice through the national Early Warningorganisation. E.g. written general …” „… information on early warning tools could be produced1 See https://www.earlywarningeurope.eu/.Title I. General …” „… thedebtor realise if there is a need to act.2 But such a general questionnaire cannot in itselfbe considered …”

D. Longer discharge period S. 264-266

„… subject to a general stay during thedischarge proceedings.18 In some states the general rule is that a …” „… interpretation. If a MemberState has a general principle that disqualifications should not cease before the …” „… granted a discharge, if insuch a Member State a general condition for a discharge is that it should result …”

Article 11. Cross-class cram-down (Veder) S. 176-189

„… is re-stated in general terms in Article 25 lit. b).32 The Commission’s Proposal was stricter and …” „… . Conditions for confirmation of a non-consensual plan.......................................... 18I. General …” „… additional requirementsare met.66 The general requirements for confirmation of reorganization plans, both …”

B. Article 22 concerns entrepreneurs S. 256-257

„… such a disqualification. Consequently, Article 22determines that as a general rule such …” „… been entrepreneursmay serve a general goal of resocialization of insolvent persons. Further, it may …” „… regulate processing of data concerning thedebtor. This issue is regulated by the General Data Protection …”

A. Purpose of the norm (Paulus) S. 60-61

„… providing “General Parts” (Allgemeiner Teil) in which, too, rules are set upin the beginning which are to be …” „… thesubsequent articles might have – at least occasionally – a slightly broader, slightlyTitle I. General …” „… payment of a waiver-fee.4 It is no longer necessary to convene a general shareholders’ meeting to vote a …”

C. Par. 2 (Paulus) S. 76-78

„… the following three types ofcases:– where a general stay of individual enforcement actions, in …” „… cross-class cram down, cf Article 11.Title I. General ProvisionsArt. 2 58–6376 Veder/PaulusUnder these …” „… bankruptcy increases significantly, if the debtorTitle I. General ProvisionsArt. 3 178 Rammeskow …”

Article 19. Duties of directors where there is a likelihood of insolvency (Corno) S. 238-249

„… establishes at a EU level as a general rule an obligation1 forMember States to impose specific duties on …” „… mis-conduct. Therefore, it does not extend its ambit to general rules on changes of dutieswhen a company …” „… ) general or special tort law rules thatare used to hold directors liable in case they cause or contribute …”

I. The goals of the Directive S. 1-3

„… IntroductionOutlineA. General overview; structure …” „… domestic laws in 27 member statesmight be sensed as a deterrent.A. General overview; structureI. The goals …” „… unaffectedfrom its influence. These changes are almost representative for the general inflating ofthe instrument …”

D. Excluded classes of debtors S. 46-48

„… Frankreich (fn. 9), par. 188.Title I. General ProvisionsArt. 1 35–3746 Dammann– other financial institutions …” „… learned and adoptsa pragmatic approach, excluding, as general proposition, consumers from the scope ofthe …” „… , Article 13 par. 2 of the Directive Article 9 par. 5.Title I. General ProvisionsArt. 1 44–4648 Dammann …”

Article 31. Relationship with other acts and international instruments (Paulus) S. 293-294

„… benoted, though, that this protocol (as well as the Convention in general) is somewhattainted as it can be …” „… Article 58(1)Directive (EU) 2017/1132;– the general meeting decision regarding an increase of capital …”

G. Support to employees’ representatives S. 83-85

„… remotesubpage on a government agency general website. In practice, the public or privateorganization responsible …” „… . Further,of course the costs of providing such support must be taken into account.Title I. General …” „… thisin particular with respect to SMEs, but a Member States should generally make sure thatthe …”

E. Excluded categories of claims S. 48-49

„… lessons learned and adoptsa pragmatic approach, excluding, as general proposition, consumers from the …” „… , Article 13 par. 2 of the Directive Article 9 par. 5.Title I. General ProvisionsArt. 1 44–4648 Dammann47 …”

C. Should early warning tools also apply to consumers etc.? S. 79-80

„… the national Early Warningorganisation. E.g. written general information on early warning tools could …” „… be produced1 See https://www.earlywarningeurope.eu/.Title I. General ProvisionsArt. 3 7–1180 …”

A. Purpose of the norm S. 255-256

„… determines that as a general rule such disqualifications must cease, at the latest, at theend of the …” „… rules on discharge to persons who are not and have not been entrepreneursmay serve a general goal of …”

Article 13. Workers (Lynch Fannon) S. 198-209

„… D’Urso and ors v Ercole Marelli Eletromeccanica GeneraleSpA and ors [1991] ECR I4105; Case C‐472/93 Spano …” „… https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/benefits-leave/fmla.3 McCormack, Business Restructuring Law in Europe: Making a Fresh Start, (2017) (17) (1) JCLS 172 …” „… introductory statements regardingchoice of restructuring frameworks, this is counterintuitive to the general …”

B. Access to full discharge, par. 1 S. 250-251

„… for the creditor comes with the price of possibly losing the debtorfrom the general welfare system …” „… : neither a general exclusion of alldebtors from their previous professions nor the opposite would be …”

Article 30. Committee procedure (Paulus) S. 291-293

„… and general principles concerning mechanisms for control by Member States of theCommission’s exercise …” „… general) is somewhattainted as it can be understood as successful lobby work in favour of certain …” „… 1, as its subject-matter to lay “down the rules and generalprinciples governing the mechanisms which …”

Article 17. Protection for new financing and interim financing (Lynch Fannon) S. 220-229

„… ground that such financing is detrimental to the general body ofcreditors, unless other additional …” „… declared void as an act detrimental to the general body of creditors andthat in the absence of any …” „… States must ensure that newand interim financing is protected from general measures which would tend to …”

A. Purpose S. 36-37

„… lit. b) of the Directive.3 Article 1 par. 1 lit. c) of the Directive.Title I. General ProvisionsArt. 1 …” „… openingproceedings may not trigger a general stay of individual enforcement actions, but thedebtor may ask, on a case …”

Article 9. Adoption of restructuring plans (Dammann) S. 146-167

„… opening ofproceedings entails a general automatic stay. In this respect, it must be kept in mindthat, in …” „… of the company. The “fronting” bondholderswere not in a position to express any vote at the general …” „… class are treated equally and in a mannerproportionate to their claim”. Hence, there is a general …”

Article 32. Amendment of Directive (EU) 2017/1132 (Paulus) S. 294

„… present Directive) of Article 58(1)Directive (EU) 2017/1132;– the general meeting decision regarding an …”

G. The size of the debtors S. 50

„… ; Sax/Swierczok, ICR 2016; Sax/Swierczok, ZIP 2017, 601 et seq.Title I. General ProvisionsArt. 1 52–5550 Dammann …”

E. Information to employee representatives on early warning tools S. 83

„… remotesubpage on a government agency general website. In practice, the public or privateorganization responsible …” „… thisin particular with respect to SMEs, but a Member States should generally make sure thatthe …”

F. Easy accessible online information about early warning tools S. 83

„… remotesubpage on a government agency general website. In practice, the public or privateorganization responsible …” „… thisin particular with respect to SMEs, but a Member States should generally make sure thatthe …”

E. Objections S. 282

„… to the practitioner’s expertise and experience in general and thedemands of the particular case.”20 …”

C. Group of companies S. 46

„… Frankreich (fn. 9), par. 188.Title I. General ProvisionsArt. 1 35–3746 Dammann …”

Article 35. Entry into force S. 296-297

„… prevention measures, it is hard to see which particularities that might be.Since the general and wide-spread …”

F. Best Practices S. 282-283

„… to the practitioner’s expertise and experience in general and thedemands of the particular case.”20 …”

A. Purpose of the norm S. 78-79

„… bankruptcy increases significantly, if the debtorTitle I. General ProvisionsArt. 3 178 Rammeskowacts already …”

Article 33. Review clause (Paulus) S. 294-295

„… present Directive) of Article 58(1)Directive (EU) 2017/1132;– the general meeting decision regarding an …”

A. Purpose S. 249-250

„… possibly losing the debtorfrom the general welfare system. Seen from this perspective, it follows logically …”

D. Appointment, removal and resignation S. 281-282

„… a margin ofappreciation as to the practitioner’s expertise and experience in general and thedemands …”

Article 34. Transposition (Paulus) S. 295-296

„… prevention measures, it is hard to see which particularities that might be.Since the general and wide-spread …”

F. Possibility to limit preventive restructuring framework to financial restructuring? S. 49-50

„… ; Sax/Swierczok, ICR 2016; Sax/Swierczok, ZIP 2017, 601 et seq.Title I. General ProvisionsArt. 1 52–5550 Dammann …”

C. Proportionality, par. 2 S. 251-252

„… quiteunderstandable that the two extremes are unbearable: neither a general exclusion of alldebtors from their …”

E. Exclusion of certain categories of debt from the discharge S. 266-267

„… debtor is not granted a discharge, if insuch a Member State a general condition for a discharge is that …” „… Directive does not generally harmonize the substantiverequirements for a discharge, it seems consistent with …”

F. Longer disqualification periods for certain professions S. 267-268

„… thosereferred to in Article 22. Article 22(2) lays down the general principle that upon expiryof the discharge …”

G. Disqualifications ordered by other authorities S. 268-269

„… thosereferred to in Article 22. Article 22(2) lays down the general principle that upon expiryof the discharge …”

B. Training and expertise S. 280-281

„… benefit of the general body of creditors, in generalterms looking after the interests of creditors …” „… administrativeauthority, it makes sense that these requirements apply more generally, i.e. also in cases where …”

II. Structure S. 3-4

„… September 2015. On18 April 2016, the Commission’s Directorate General Economic and Financial …”

C. Which kinds of disqualifications must cease according to Article 22 S. 257-258

„… regulate processing of data concerning thedebtor. This issue is regulated by the General Data Protection …” „… does not in itself prevent the debtor from starting a newbusiness. Generally, the Directive does not …”

A. Purpose of the norm S. 279-280

„… running the debtor’s business,realizing the debtor’s assets for the benefit of the general body of …” „… creditors, in generalterms looking after the interests of creditors, supervising the debtor, assisting …” „… requirements apply more generally, i.e. also in cases where theappointment is not made by a court but, for …”

B. Historical development S. 4-6

„… General Economic and Financial Affairspublished a note to the Euro-group on “Insolvency Frameworks in the …” „… is to be expected generally, namely to starta competition for the most attractive restructuring …”

Article 16. Appeals (Paulus) S. 216-220

„… ground that such financing is detrimental to the general body ofcreditors, unless other additional …”

B. Scope of Article 25 S. 274-277

„… September 1985 and endorsed by General Assembly resolutions 40/32 of 29 November1985 and 40/146 of 13 …” „… procedures and amending Directive 2012/30/EU – Partial generalapproach, 15 May 2018, p. 5.5 The EU Justice …” „… qualification; such as a generalunderstanding of business management; understanding what it needs to …”

Article 14. Valuation by the judicial or administrative authority (Dammann) S. 209-214

„… value of the business. The going concern value is, asa general rule, higher than the liquidation value …” „… generally requestthe appointment of independent auditors and experts in order to review this financialdata …” „… leveraged-buy-out (LBO) financings, the reimbursement ofthe principal amount of the acquisition debt is generally …”

C. Relationship to EU 2015/848; cross-border issues S. 6-7

„… that theDutch example is just a forerunner for what is to be expected generally, namely to starta …”

A. Purpose of Title IV S. 273-274

„… procedures and amending Directive 2012/30/EU – Partial generalapproach, 15 May 2018, p. 5.5 The EU Justice …”

C. Limits to the application of measures set by Article 25 S. 277

„… longer term.1712The measures generally expressed by Article 25 confirm, in broad terms, certainprovisions …”

D. Ambit of application of the measures set by Article 25 S. 277-278

„… longer term.1712The measures generally expressed by Article 25 confirm, in broad terms, certainprovisions …”

doi.org/10.17104/9783406779350

Yuanshi Bu - Chinese Civil Code - The General Part -

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Yuanshi Bu

Chinese Civil Code - The General Part -

Series: Beck International

Volume 2021

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II. General Part S. 51-60

„… contrary to the reform goal. II. General Part 1. Establishment 16a) Prerequisites. A legal person should …” „… authority; Yang Lixin, JoG 2017/5, 11, supports the general duty to check the articles of association. 39 Li …” „… Group/Liquidator. Art. 70 GRCL uses the term “liquidation group” (清算组) as the general term for liquidator. Given …”

I. General Requirements on Validity S. 112

„… 08:51:00 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Chapter 11 Effect of Juristic Acts I. General …” „… general requirements imposed on the validity of a juristic act, namely civil capacity corresponding to the …”

I. Overview S. 14-16

„… approach, the enumeration of general principles is prevalent in socialist countries.14 Art. 3–9 GRCL have …” „… , and the rest of the first Chapter of the GRCL correlates with the third one.18 The mix-up of general …” „… general clauses, while the rest of the principles are actually general legal thoughts.20 In judicial …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… Bu Chinese Civil Code – The General Part – Reemers Publishing Services GmbH O:/Beck/Bu …” „… Chinese Civil Code – The General Part Reemers Publishing Services GmbH O:/Beck/Bu_978-3-406-71478-8/3d/01 …” „… : 160.00mm 240.00mm Chinese Civil Code – The General Part – by Yuanshi Bu 2019 Published by Verlag C. H …”

III. Technique of the Codification: Systematization or Compilation S. 4-7

„… proponents justify their approach with the international trend of de-codification. In their view, a general …” „… for a general part is already eroded. 15The third model, proposed by Xu Guodong, follows the concept …” „… books “de la publication, des effets et de l’application des lois en général” containing e. g. the …”

II. Debate over Independence of Civil Liability S. 180-186

„… ) Liability in General. As to the meaning of liability, Wei has first identified three general theories across …” „… types of obligation; fourth, tort liability does not fit in the General Part of law of obligations.37 In …” „… : 160.00mm 240.00mm 24 c) Replacement of the General Part of the Law of Obligations. The need to create a …”

I. Legislative History S. 1-3

„… of the General Rules on the Civil Law (GRCL). The way to the codification of the subordinate parts …” „… follows that of the General Principles of Civil Law (GPCL).3 The GPCL is the result of the codification …” „… . Actually, the better translation of both laws would be the General Part of the Civil Law and the General …”

II. Equality S. 16-17

„… approach to put general principles first and separate provisions applicable to specific questions …” „… This is, however, a misunderstanding. The German Civil Code is rather skeptical toward general …” „… principles that embody values.25 General principles such as those incorporated by the GRCL would be …”

I. Standard Statute of Limitation S. 220-224

„… 240.00mm 3. Commencement 4a) General Rule. Generally, the limitation of action starts from the date on …” „… 08:52:56 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Chapter 21 General Rules on Statute of Limitations I …” „… over carriage of goods by sea, sea towage and contribution in general average are subject to one-year …”

II. Justification for the Codification S. 3-4

„… translation of both laws would be the General Part of the Civil Law and the General Provisions of Civil Law …” „… GPCL is not about abstract principles, but concerns general provisions.4 In order to avoid deviation …” „… chapter is to give a general review of this statute and discuss some overarching issues concerning the …”

VI. Legality, Public Order and Morals S. 19-21

„… interests” and “social morals” has been used.63 With the diffusion of civil law knowledge among the general …” „… the trend to replace public order and good morals with general moral standard.65 Finally, the most …” „… and morals aim to protect the interests of a third party and the general public; – the principle of …”

IV. Relationship with Other Fields of Law S. 7-9

„… and ambition. Fitness means that only if a rule is sufficiently general and abstract, it may be …” „… follows: proponents of the dualistic system suggested a co-existence of the Civil Code and a General Part …” „… Code. The drafts of a General Part of the Commercial Law, which were already prepared around the turn …”

V. Participation of Scholars S. 9-11

„… general part of law of obligations (infra chap. 17 at 5).66 Among the large number of legislative 59 Liang …” „… treatment of the general part of law of obligations, which was aborted, leaving only two provisions about …” „… the German model of the General Part of the German Civil Code is established in China and a deviation …”

VII. Environmental Protection S. 21-22

„… the general public; – the principle of good faith sets up a higher standard and applies to special and …” „… general and typical cases; – the principle of public order and good morals is used to curb anti-social …” „… : by applying general rules with respect to environment protection, stipulating environment-related …”

I. Evolution History S. 179-180

„… Liability 3Art. 187 GRCL carries forward the general principle of priority of civil liability (民事责任优先), if …” „… . The origin of this priority rule is believed to be Roman law.3 3. Critique in General 4With regard to …” „… ) Liability in General. As to the meaning of liability, Wei has first identified three general theories across …”

III. Acquisitive Prescription S. 219-220

„… General Part,25 while the opposite view cites the approach in Japanese Civil Code as a precedent of …” „… regulating acquisitive prescription in the General Part.26 11The deficit of acquisitive prescription is …” „… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Chapter 21 General Rules on Statute of Limitations I. Standard Statute …”

V. Interpretation S. 110-112

„… interpretation of wills to a general rule governing the declaration of intention without counterparty.39 In …” „… be interpreted by only considering the intention of the deceased person; (4) general clauses in …” „… 08:51:00 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Chapter 11 Effect of Juristic Acts I. General …”

VI. Residual Questions S. 227-230

„… the cut-off period with knowledge of the right holder, since it does not amount to a general rule so …” „… from 13th December 2000. Chapter 21. General Rules on Statute of Limitations 227 Reemers Publishing …” „… defect in sales contracts and guarantee term.82 This concept is incompatible with the general nature of …”

III. Principles of Exercising Rights S. 83-84

„… general right to personality from Artt. 1 and 2 German Constitution.1 Thus, art. 109 GRCL is seen as a …” „… general clause on personality rights in China.2 In this provision, freedom refers to bodily freedom and …” „… general conduct freedom,3 while dignity is a broad term including name, reputation, honor, portrait and …”

Bibliography S. 233-253

„… ) 2017/9, 31–43. Chen Jidong (陈吉栋) Setting of General Clauses of Unjust Enrichment in the GRCL (论《民法总则》不 …” „… Group (《民法总则立法背景与观点全集》编写组) GRCL: Legislation Background and Point on General Provisions of the Civil …” „… ) The Legitimacy of the Civil Law General Part to Stipulate Civil Liability (民法总则规定民事责任的正当性), Journal …”

IV. Formation and Effectiveness S. 104-105

„… effect. In this case, the general binding effect is actually the formal binding effect of the declaration …” „… of intention, and not the effect emanated from the formation of the juristic act. 27 The general …” „… , it can be applied to lack of form, where the general binding effect can also be confirmed, except …”

IV. Grounds for Avoidance S. 126-132

„… legal writings.126 The general meaning of “misunderstanding” differs significantly from that of “mistake …” „… and is well known to lawyers and to the general public; (2) the meaning of “substantial …” „… law reception. On the one hand, it follows the German model in codifying mistakes in the General Part …”

VIII. Customs as Source of Law S. 22-24

„… cannot be explained to the general public; lastly, loopholes in law may be solved with the help of …” „… clear rule governing the priority between a newer general provision and an older specific provision. Art …” „… . 94 par. 1 Legislation Law simply sets out that in case of divergence between new general provisions …”

I. Personality Rights S. 84-87

„… legally protected.” is perceived as a borrowing of the German model, which derives the general right to …” „… personality from Artt. 1 and 2 German Constitution.1 Thus, art. 109 GRCL is seen as a general clause on …” „… personality rights in China.2 In this provision, freedom refers to bodily freedom and general conduct freedom …”

IX. Principle of lex specialis S. 24-27

„… a newer general provision and an older specific provision. Art. 94 par. 1 Legislation Law simply …” „… sets out that in case of divergence between new general provisions and older special provisions …” „… between general and special law, as mentioned above.118 53Only in exceptional cases, for instance, art. 11 …”

V. Statute of Limitations in Arbitration S. 227

„… the cut-off period with knowledge of the right holder, since it does not amount to a general rule so …” „… from 13th December 2000. Chapter 21. General Rules on Statute of Limitations 227 …”

V. Dissolution and Liquidation S. 79-81

„… Enterprise Law and art. 86 Partnership Enterprise Law apply or the general rules on liquidation in the GRCL …” „… Civil Code and how to allocate relevant provisions if the General Part of law of obligations is …”

IV. Concurrence of Civil Liabilities S. 189-195

„… protect the integral interest (固有利益) and correspond to the duty of general care in tort law.104 A typical …” „… is unable to exclude the concurrence in general.114 4. Scope of Remedies Subject to Concurrence 64 …” „… curtailing the rights of the obligee and focuses instead on the purpose of the general and specific norms to …”

III. Other Invalidity Grounds S. 123-126

„… writings.126 The general meaning of “misunderstanding” differs significantly from that of “mistake” in that …” „… and is well known to lawyers and to the general public; (2) the meaning of “substantial …” „… law reception. On the one hand, it follows the German model in codifying mistakes in the General Part …”

I. Overview S. 81-82

„… Civil Code and how to allocate relevant provisions if the General Part of law of obligations is …” „… specific books instead of in the General Part. For this reason, it is unnecessary to incorporate a large …”

IV. Exceptions and Use of Seal S. 173-174

„… the general public in a reasonable way and the counterparty should have been aware of this …” „… 240.00mm 3. Cases 38 One highly controversial case deals with a loan agreement signed by Cui, the general …” „… whether requirements for good faith are equal. Generally speaking, the standard of good 67 Loan Disputes …”

III. Expiration of Statutory Agency S. 177-179

„… general principle of priority of civil liability (民事责任优先), if one and the same act triggers civil …” „… to be Roman law.3 3. Critique in General 4With regard to contents, commentators are disappointed by …”

IV. Cut-Off Periods S. 226-227

„… knowledge of the right holder, since it does not amount to a general rule so far in Chinese law.75 3 …” „… 21. General Rules on Statute of Limitations 227 …”

III. Form S. 103-104

„… effect. In this case, the general binding effect is actually the formal binding effect of the declaration …” „… of intention, and not the effect emanated from the formation of the juristic act. 27 The general …” „… exceptions – generally has a formal binding effect even before it takes effect. The exceptions include five …”

VI. The Role of German Law S. 11-13

„… codification with a general part and several books – in particular, with juristic act forming the core of the …” „… general part,81 despite a minor divergent view.82 To evaluate the influence of German law, one may compare …” „… Approach. Generally, the provisions of the GRCL are formulated in a short manner. Overall China seems able …”

III. For-Profit Legal Person S. 60-65

„… , the matter is to be submitted to the general meeting of the listed company for deliberation. 88 The …” „… , the shareholders’ meeting, the general meeting or a meeting of the board of directors are in violation …” „… resolution of the shareholders’ meeting, the general meeting or the board of directors are in violation of …”

V. Other Remedies S. 211-213

„… regulate the calculation of general default interests. Only art. 24 par. 3 of the Interpretation on Sales …” „… stipulates three general defenses of civil liability: force majeure (不可抗力), self-defense (正当防卫) and necessity …” „… contract penalty or also a preventive and sanctioning function.79 Generally, a court or arbitration …”

II. Legal Nature of Statute of Limitations S. 217-219

„… General Part,25 while the opposite view cites the approach in Japanese Civil Code as a precedent of …” „… regulating acquisitive prescription in the General Part.26 11The deficit of acquisitive prescription is …” „… the law, because “litigation prescription” has been generally accepted by the legislator, civil law …”

III. Agency by Estoppel and Apparent Representation S. 171-173

„… general provision governing apparent agency, and art. 50 Contract Law, so that there seems to be no need …” „… between the actor and the counterparty was ended, the principal made this known to the general public in a …” „… vis-à-vis the counterparty; as the implied grant of authorization vis-à-vis the agent is generally not …”

V. Special Legal Person S. 74-77

„… (农民专业合作社法), last amended in December 2017. As to urban economic cooperatives, no general regulation is …” „… , should all be allowed to acquire non-legal-person-organization status.5 General provisions regarding …”

III. Types of Liabilities S. 186-189

„… 08:52:33 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm 34 After establishing a general clause of liability to …” „… General Part and to put other relevant norms into different books, which may also accomplish consistency …”

Relevant Laws and Regulations S. 253-259

„… Law (对外贸易法) 5/12/1994 7/1/1994 11/7/2016 General Principles Of Civil Law (民法通则) 4/12/1986 1/1/1987 …” „… 11/1/2014 General Rules of Civil Law (民法总则) 3/15/2017 1/10/2017 – Guarantee Law (担保法) 6/30/1995 10/1/1995 …”

Index S. 259-264

„… 3 – Necessity 19 14–17 – Self-Defense 19 11–13 – Evolution History 17 1–5 – Critique in General 17 …” „… avoidance 11 104–107 – Legal effect 11 108–114 – Lex specialis 11 134 – Recovery 11 115–133 – General …”

I. Evolution History S. 143

„… 1The general concept of agency in Chinese law is similar to its counterpart in Continental-European …”

III. Types of Agency S. 144-149

„… agency, but it neither specifies general commercial power of representation nor the commercial power of …” „… agency and to address indirect agency in the General Part with one provision and the main party in the …”

IV. Representation S. 78-79

„… apply or the general rules on liquidation in the GRCL are to be drawn on. Chapter 6. Non-Legal Person …”

II. Grounds for Invalidity S. 112-123

„… 08:51:00 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Chapter 11 Effect of Juristic Acts I. General …” „… general requirements imposed on the validity of a juristic act, namely civil capacity corresponding to the …” „… requirements applicable to the juristic act to be approved.14 A general consent allowing a person of limited …”

II. Terms S. 142-143

„… general concept of agency in Chinese law is similar to its counterpart in Continental-European legal …”

II. Acquisition of Rights S. 82-83

„… specific books instead of in the General Part. For this reason, it is unnecessary to incorporate a large …”

V. Juristic Act and Declaration of Intention S. 105-106

„… applied to lack of form, where the general binding effect can also be confirmed, except when the form …” „… without agency power, where the act of the agent still has a generally binding effect. Also, it can be …”

I. Overview S. 77-78

„… , should all be allowed to acquire non-legal-person-organization status.5 General provisions regarding …”

II. Types S. 102-103

„… apply general rules on juristic acts to resolutions of legal persons by analogy.32 24 Chen Su (ed.), 957 …”

III. Domicile S. 36-37

„… The reason why the part on custodianship is put into the general part is allegedly due to the fact …”

II. Scope of Application S. 143-144

„… 1The general concept of agency in Chinese law is similar to its counterpart in Continental-European …”

IV. Intellectual Property Rights S. 94-96

„… away. As a general rule, the testator has the duty to consider the incapacitated and those who live …”

V. Legal Consequence S. 174-176

„… loan agreement signed by Cui, the general manager and board member of Shenzhen Airport, on behalf of …” „… ). As to the first point, it is questionable whether requirements for good faith are equal. Generally …” „… clear. Generally speaking, a legal person comes to an end only when it has been deleted from the company …”

I. Force Majeure S. 213-215

„… 08:52:38 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Chapter 19 Defense 1GRCL stipulates three general …”

IV. Non-Profit Legal Person S. 65-74

„… than public interest, because the latter refers to the general public.121 117 Wang Yong, PULJ 2017/3 …” „… foundation becomes insolvent, creditors’ claims may only be satisfied according to the general proportionate …”

III. Taking Effect S. 107-109

„… .25 The general rule of service by announcement in the CPL is already sufficient, thus there is no …”

V. Other Enumerated Rights S. 96-99

„… after the testator passes away. As a general rule, the testator has the duty to consider the …” „… Generally, the testator is entitled to amend or nullify their testament at any time. A notary testament can …” „… act embodies the generalization of various kinds of acts in contract law, family law, and succession …”

II. Claims not Subject to Limitation S. 224-226

„… Chen Su (ed.), 1422 et seq. Chapter 21. General Rules on Statute of Limitations 225 Reemers Publishing …” „… stipulated by art. 196 no. 2 GRCL is generally justified by the public faith in the register.52 The reason …”

I. Doctrinal Basis and Categories of Legal Persons S. 48-51

„… loosened and thereby runs contrary to the reform goal. II. General Part 1. Establishment 16a) Prerequisites …”

I. Evolution History S. 99-102

„… multilateral juristic acts, because it enables courts to apply general rules on juristic acts to resolutions of …” „… system. Being the carrier of private autonomy, civil juristic act embodies the generalization of various …”

V. Good Samaritan Law S. 195-199

„… has examined the differences between contractual and tort law claims and concluded that no general …”

I. Legal Capacity S. 30-34

„… general clause, and those of art. 886 of the Japanese Civil Code, which protects the succession right of …” „… the threefold division has taken root in the Chinese society and judiciary, is generally recognized …”

IV. Custody and Custodian S. 37-42

„… endorses a return to the tradition.53 40The reason why the part on custodianship is put into the general …”

II. Rights in Things S. 87-92

„… review of the decision or challenge it before court. 32c) Compensation. In general, the expropriating …” „… Rights in rem. It is generally acknowledged that not only Property Law, but every national statute is …”

V. Duty and Liability of the Agent S. 152-158

„… comply with the general rule of pre-contractual liability. If the agent has deceived the counterparty in …” „… . Scholars have so far endorsed the following approach: generally, the agent may avoid his act if he has made …” „… out the duties of the agent. 1. No Self-Dealing 46 a) Consent and Ratification. Generally speaking …”

V. Effects of Nullity and Avoidance S. 132-139

„… performance, the scope of recovery depends on whether it belongs to a general property-related decision of the …” „… returned.217 The claim to return of property is generally classified as a claim in rem.218 120c) Return of …” „… was in bad faith, he has to return the entire enrichment.228 123 d) Damages. Generally, compensation …”

IV. Fairness S. 17-18

„… reliance to its detriment. Generally, courts are reluctant to accept this cause of action except for …”

V. Good Faith S. 18-19

„… which the other party has reasonably acted in reliance to its detriment. Generally, courts are reluctant …”

IV. Withdrawal S. 109-110

„… model of art. 2.1.4 PICC). V. Interpretation 1. Methods of Interpretation 15 Generally speaking, Chinese …”

VI. Reinterpretation and Confirmation of Void Juristic Act S. 139-140

„… generally should not involve the question of return.251 – Another commentary is of the view that this norm …”

I. Conditions S. 140-142

„… effect of such conditions is still controversial.14 One opinion holds that condition at will is generally …”

IV. Elements of Agency S. 149-152

„… .), 740. 58 Wang Liming (ed.), 740, holds it generally difficult to understand. 59 Chi Ying, TULJ 2017/3 …” „… . Scholars have so far endorsed the following approach: generally, the agent may avoid his act if he has made …” „… out the duties of the agent. 1. No Self-Dealing 46 a) Consent and Ratification. Generally speaking …”

II. Prerequisites S. 158-160

„… authority. Chinese courts are still generally reluctant to recognize implied authority. Thus, the …”

III. Ratification S. 160-162

„… suggests that the ratification may only be made vis-à-vis the counterparty either generally28 or if it has …” „… favour of making the ratification both vis-à-vis the counterparty and the agent generally.30 3. Time of …”

V. Consequence in Case of Refusal of Ratification S. 163-166

„… fulfilment interest.57 Some generally hold the claim of the counterparty to specific performances unjustified …” „… authority.73 Generally, the agent and the counterparty bear joint and several liability towards the …”

II. Elements S. 166-171

„… implied grant of authorization vis-à-vis the agent is generally not covered by agency by estoppel, it is …”

I. Termination of Authorized Representation S. 176-177

„… that one of the both is a legal person. The meaning of the key word “end” (中止) is less clear. Generally …”

VI. Protection of Personality Rights of Heroes and Martyrs S. 199-201

„… ). Generally speaking, defensive claims are available independently of fault.5 Compared to art. 1004 German …”

I. Overview S. 201

„… ). Generally speaking, defensive claims are available independently of fault.5 Compared to art. 1004 German …”

II. Defensive Claims S. 201-204

„… ). Generally speaking, defensive claims are available independently of fault.5 Compared to art. 1004 German …”

III. Restitution S. 204-207

„… interest (信赖损害) and positive damage (actual loss; 所受损害)/negative damage (lost profit; 所失利益).52 Generally …”

IV. Compensation S. 207-211

„… interest (信赖损害) and positive damage (actual loss; 所受损害)/negative damage (lost profit; 所失利益).52 Generally …”

III. Necessity S. 215-217

„… person who took the emergency actions is generally released from liability, if the danger arose from …” „… continuity and stability of the law, because “litigation prescription” has been generally accepted by the …”

I. Evolution History S. 217

„… the law, because “litigation prescription” has been generally accepted by the legislator, civil law …”

doi.org/10.17104/9783406779299

Stanley McChrystal, Tantum Collins, David Silverman, Chris Fussell - Team of Teams

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Stanley McChrystal, Tantum Collins, David Silverman, Chris Fussell

Team of Teams

2020

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Anmerkungen S. 271-288

„… /general-motors-recalls-another-7-million-vehicles-some-datingback-to-1997/. 344 Tom Krisher, “GM Recall: Many Victims Were Young …” „… , General and Industrial Management (1949; reprint, Mansfield Center, CT: Martino Publishing, 2013), S …” „… Performance (Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press, 2002), S. 116. 259 Dexter Filkins, “General Says …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… Organisationen ihre Anpassungsfähigkeit in einer komplexen Welt verbessern können General Stanley McChrystal …” „… verbessern können von General Stanley McChrystal mit Tantum Collins, David Silverman und Chris Fussell Aus …” „… realen, sehr lebhaft beschriebenen Begebenheiten, die General McChrystal als Kommandant im Irak und …”

Über die Co-Autoren S. 269-270

„… General McChrystal. Während seiner Zeit in Yale fokussierte er sich auf landeskundliche Studien über …” „… Mitgründer und CEO von CrossLead, einem Leadershipund Managementunternehmen, das er zusammen mit General Stan …” „… Lauf seiner Karriere diente Chris als Adjutant des damaligen Lieutenant General Stan McChrystal während …”

Teil IV Loslassen S. 213-246

„… der Luft. Die Abläufe forderten von mir, als kommandierendem General, solche Luftangriffe zu …” „… - Division, Brigadier General Ethan Allen Hitchcock, hatte – nach Army-Standards – eine ziemliche …” „… General, der die Army im Sezessionskrieg befehligte. Die regulative Art und Weise, wie er ein …”

Danksagungen S. 267-268

„… stabilisiert haben. Eine persönliche Anmerkung von General McChrystal: Ich traf Teddy Collins, als er Student …”

Teil III Teilen S. 145-212

„… Silos, die das gewährleisten. Wie ein Hollywood-General es vielleicht ausdrücken würde: Menschen wissen …” „… Beschuss zu nehmen. Später bedrohten diese Flugzeuge den Vorstoß von General Norman Schwarzkopf in den …” „… längerfristige Auswirkungen. Ich erzähle XXXII Im Herbst 2008 besuchten der damalige Major General Mike Flynn …”

Teil I Das Proteus-Problem S. 21-96

„… Generals (ein Zwei-Sterne-Rang) zuteil geworden, von denen fünf weitermachten, um vier Sterne zu bekommen …” „… . Reduktionistische Generalplaner brachen die Offensiven in die Anzahl der Meter und Kilometer herunter, die jede …”

doi.org/10.15358/9783800660513

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