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Daniela Kudernatsch - Toolbox Objectives and Key Results

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Daniela Kudernatsch

Toolbox Objectives and Key Results

2020

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3 Objectives und Key Results S. 57-66

„… 57 OKR – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key Results Alignment …” „… Literaturverzeichnis Glossar 3 Objectives und Key Results Objectives und Key Results sollen Antworten auf folgende …” „… Fragen geben: »Wo will ich hin?« (Objectives) und »Wie messe ich den Fortschritt bzw. ob ich mein Ziel …”

4 Unternehmensweites Alignment von OKR S. 67-104

„… 67 OKR – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key Results Alignment …” „… vs. Zieltransformation 69 OKR – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key Results …” „… »Flughöhe« das entsprechende übergeordnete Ziel sein könnte. 70 4 Das passende Objective könnte hier in …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… Daniela Kudernatsch Toolbox Objectives and Key Results Transparente und agile …” „… . Daniela Kudernatsch Toolbox Objectives and Key Results Transparente und agile Strategieumsetzung mit OKR 1 …” „… Toolbox Objectives and Key Results 1. Auflage, März 2020 © 2020 Schäffer-Poeschel Verlag für Wirtschaft …”

1 Einführung S. 15-30

„… 15 OKR – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key Results Alignment …” „… Unternehmen der letzten hundert Jahre 17 OKR – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key …” „… sich mit Objectives und Key Results (OKR) beschäftigen, empfehle ich Ihnen dringend, sich auch einen …”

2 Strategische Ausrichtung – ein Beispiel aus der Praxis S. 31-56

„… 31 OKR – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key Results Alignment …” „… Objectives und Key Results Alignment Umsetzungsprozess Veränderungsprozess Implementierung Vergütung …” „… : https://www.onlineumfragen.com/login.cfm?umfrage=84871 35 OKR – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key Results Alignment …”

5 Unterjähriger Umsetzungsprozess S. 105-124

„… 105 OKR – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key Results Alignment …” „… : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mJB83EZtAjc [abgerufen: 22.11.2019] 107 OKR – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und …” „… . 109 OKR – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key Results Alignment …”

Stichwortverzeichnis S. 171-173

„… Catchball-Prozess 20, 70, 163 Change-Canvas 127 Checkliste – Key Results 62 – Objectives 59 – Strategie 45 D …” „… Leitfragen 92 Lernzone 111 LeSS 25, 165 M Management by Objectives (MbO) 18, 165 Managementsysteme 17 …” „… – Balanced Scorecard (BSC) 21 – Hoshin Kanri 18 – Kernelemente 19 – Management by Objectives (MbO) 18 …”

10 Literaturverzeichnis S. 161-162

„… 161 OKR – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key Results Alignment …” „… Doerr, J. (2018): OKR – Objectives & Key Results: Wie Sie Ziele, auf die es wirklich ankommt …” „… Zielmanagement und modernes Leadership mit Objectives und Key Results (OKR). North Charleston Malik, F. (2006 …”

11 Glossar S. 163-168

„… 163 OKR – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key Results Alignment …” „… – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key Results Alignment Umsetzungsprozess …” „… . Management by Objectives (MbO) Das Management by Objectives (auch Führung durch Zielvereinbarungen) ist eine …”

6 Managen des Veränderungsprozesses S. 125-140

„… 125 OKR – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key Results Alignment …” „… Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key Results Alignment Umsetzungsprozess Veränderungsprozess …” „… Veränderungsprozess? Abb . 42: Change-Canvas 129 OKR – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key …”

7 Implementierungsstrategien S. 141-150

„… 141 OKR – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key Results Alignment …” „… lässt sich mit OKR arbeiten. 143 OKR – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key …” „… – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key Results Alignment Umsetzungsprozess …”

8 OKR vs. variables Vergütungssystem und Mitarbeitergespräche S. 151-156

„… 151 OKR – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key Results Alignment …” „… « ergänzt werden. Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie arbeiten mit Ihrem Team auf die Erreichung Ihrer Objectives hin …” „… – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key Results Alignment Umsetzungsprozess …”

9 Fazit und Ausblick S. 157-160

„… 157 OKR – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key Results Alignment …” „… wirkliche Verbesserung geschleppt wird. 159 OKR – Einführung Strategische Ausrichtung Objectives und Key …”

doi.org/10.34156/9783791047997

Alexander Proelß, Amber Rose Maggio, Eike Blitza, Oliver Daum - United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

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Alexander Proelß (ed.), Amber Rose Maggio (ed.), Eike Blitza (ed.), Oliver Daum (ed.)

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Series: Beck International

Volume 2021

Results in this title

Article 268. Basic objectives S. 1778-1783

„… duties of therecipients.Article 268Basic objectivesStates, directly or through competent international …” „… structure of Art. 268 is mirroredby Art. 269 on the measures to be taken to achieve the objectives.II …” „… objectivesIn order to achieve the objectives referred to in article 268, States, directly or throughcompetent …”

Article 274. Objectives of the Authority S. 1797-1801

„… theUN Secretary-General.10 Some of them are related to the Area.11Article 274Objectives of the …” „… . 104, 177, 185.Objectives of the Authority Art. 274Hamamoto 1797Reemers Publishing Services …” „… , paragraph 1, of the Convention shall not apply.’11 See Vöneky/Höfelmeier on Art. 136.Objectives of the …”

Article 269. Measures to achieve the basic objectives S. 1783-1788

„… objectivesIn order to achieve the objectives referred to in article 268, States, directly or throughcompetent …” „… ‘above-mentioned objectives’,which was then sufficiently clear as, within the same article,13 the measures …” „… objective of international cooperation, an issue detailed inSection 2 of Part XIV. First mentioned in the …”

Article 237. Obligations under other conventions on the protection and preservation of the marine environment S. 1596-1605

„… , should be carried out in a mannerconsistent with the general principles and objectives of this …” „… consistent with the general principles and objectives ofthe Convention.4 Art. 237 should be seen in close and …” „… , should be applied in a manner consistent with thegeneral principles and objectives of this Convention.’11 …”

Article 194. Measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment S. 1295-1315

„… all three objectives,i. e. reduction, control and prevention of pollution. The proposed text also …” „… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30I. Purpose and Function1As the title suggests, this article pursues three different objectives, the …” „… of biodiversity as a primary objective are permissible and are part of the necessarymeasures of …”

Article 13. Financial terms of contracts S. 2199-2209

„… objectives:(a) to ensure optimum revenues for the Authority from the proceeds of commercialproduction;13 Lodge …” „… contractors to further the objectives set out in paragraph 1.15. In the event of a dispute between the …” „… terms in contracts entered into by theAuthority. The provision includes, inter alia, objectives for the …”

Article 267. Protection of legitimate interests S. 1774-1778

„… underlining the related duties of therecipients.Article 268Basic objectivesStates, directly or through …” „… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmobligation with the objective of creating ‘favourable economic and legal …” „… multilateral or international fundingfor the transfer of technology. The objective of improving the legal …”

Article 276. Establishment of regional centres S. 1803-1806

„… achievement of their objectives.Documents: GA, Oceans and Law of the Sea, GA Res. 57/141 of 12 December 2002 …” „… .8 The Revised Single Negotiating Text added ‘to promote the transfer of technology’as an objective …”

Article 275. Establishment of national centres S. 1801-1803

„… achievement of their objectives.Documents: GA, Oceans and Law of the Sea, GA Res. 57/141 of 12 December 2002 …”

Article 12. Activities carried out by the Enterprise S. 2195-2199

„… Authority shall be guided by thefollowing objectives:(a) to ensure optimum revenues for the Authority from …”

Article 236. Sovereign immunity S. 1591-1596

„… objectives of this Convention.Bibliography: Lewis M. Alexander, National Jurisdiction and the Use of the Sea …” „… consistent with the general principles and objectivesof this Convention …”

Article 7. Selection among applicants for production authorizations S. 2161-2166

„… article 151, paragraph 1, the Authorityshall make the selection on the basis of objective and …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132. Objective and non-discriminatory standards …” „… Negotiating Text modified the selection procedure with a view tomaking the selection criteria more objective.5 …”

Article 61. Conservation of the living resources S. 480-493

„… overfishing. Both of these objectives have been quite difficult toachieve in practice, however.42 The purpose …” „… sub-sections will start with adiscussion of the overall conservation and sustainable management objectives …” „… objective of suchmeasures is to ensure that such living resources are ‘not endangered by …”

Article 248. Duty to provide information to the coastal State S. 1673-1679

„… nature and objectives of the project;(b) the method and means to be used, including name, tonnage, type …” „… have the right to receiveinformation regarding the ‘nature and objectives, geographical areas and …” „… objectives of the research as well as the means to be used,geographical area, proposed date and period, and …”

Article 119. Conservation of the living resources of the high seas S. 830-850

„… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmachieve the World Summit on Sustainable Development objectives of …” „… of ‘conservation’ or ‘conservation measures’, Art. 119 providesvaluable guidance as to the objectives …” „… and parameters of such measures; the objective beingthe maintenance or restoration of populations of …”

Article 150. Policies relating to activities in the Area S. 1058-1066

„… deliberations of the Sea-Bed Committee onpolicies and objectives.13 Several of the early drafts reflected the …” „… , especiallydeveloping States […]’7 According to Art. 150, the key objective27 to be pursued in conducting activities in …” „… developing States. Art. 150 (a) to (j) expandon these very general aims.28 The objectives are to be …”

Article 138. General conduct of States in relation to the Area S. 964-968

„… (eds.),Völkerrecht (6th edn. 2013), 351–438; Carlos Fernández de Casadevante Romani, Objective Regime, in …” „… 20.02.2017 18:16:193B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmthat of an objective regime.26 Such regimes are …” „… objective regimes, the erga omnes validity of treaties is oftenadvocated where their purpose can only be …”

Article 243. Creation of favourable conditions S. 1636-1639

„… activities andoutcomes of research, may well serve the objective of strengthening the capacities ofdeveloping …” „… sofar, international practice provides several examples of treaties pursuing the objectives ofArt. 243 …” „… proposed major programmes and their objectives as well as knowledgeresulting from marine scientific …”

Article 70. Right of geographically disadvantaged States S. 548-552

„… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm14 Art. 69 (4) underlines the objective of Art. 69 as more of a means to …” „… over the interests ofdistant water fishing nations or local fishing communities. The objective of this …” „… A problem with both provisions is that there is no objective definition of adeveloped State and …”

Article 62. Utilization of the living resources S. 493-506

„… Article 62Utilization of the living resources1. The coastal State shall promote the objective of optimum …” „… coastal States3. The objective of optimum utilization is ‘withoutprejudice’ to Art. 61 which means that …” „… this objective does not remove the need for a Stateto set an allowable catch based upon, inter alia …”

Article 273. Cooperation with international organizations and the Authority S. 1796-1797

„… theUN Secretary-General.10 Some of them are related to the Area.11Article 274Objectives of the …” „… . 104, 177, 185.Objectives of the Authority Art. 274Hamamoto 1797 …”

Article 253. Suspension or cessation of marine scientific research activities S. 1700-1707

„… ) concerns cases where information regarding the ‘nature and objectives’( Art. 248 (a)) of the MSR project …” „… suspend orterminate MSR activities when they are not carried out for their declared objectives or …” „… Art. 249 [now Art. 248] regarding the nature,objectives, method, means or geographical areas of the …”

Article 176. Legal status S. 1228-1232

„… and duties, making it ‘an autonomous international organization whoseultimate objective is to …” „… necessary forfundamental purposes and objectives.5 In this sense, the wording employed avoids thenecessity …” „… exclusively designed to enable the ISA to fulfil its objectives and purposes.12 ISA privileges and immunities …”

Article 19. Revision of contract S. 2257-2261

„… objectives set out in the contract or in Part XI, the parties shall enter intonegotiations to revise it …” „… thecontract inequitable or make it impracticable or impossible to achieve the objectives set out inthe …” „… impossible to achieve its objectives, then both partiesare required to consult each other. The first step …”

Article 6. Approval of plans of work S. 2154-2161

„… […]’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18I. Purpose and Function1While Art. 4 Annex III outlines objective criteria for qualification of …” „… Regulations require that the Legal and Technical Commissionmakes an objective determination as to whether the …” „… mankind.’17 The objective of the anti-monopoly provisions in Art. 6 (3) Annex III is to avoid this …”

Article 71. Non-applicability of articles 69 and 70 S. 552-554

„… . The objective of this provisionwould seem to be the same as Art. 69 (4), which limits the rights of …” „… developed LLS in asimilar manner.11 A problem with both provisions is that there is no objective definition …”

Article 117. Duty of States to adopt with respect to their nationals measures for the conservation of the living resources of the high seas S. 803-817

„… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34I. Purpose and Function1The fundamental objective of Art. 117 is to ensure the conservation of the …” „… exploitation may be prohibited.4 Theconservation and management objectives to be attained in respect of marine …” „… a desirable form […]The principle objective of conservation of the living resources of the sea is to …”

Article 116. Right to fish on the high seas S. 791-803

„… the past, led to the use of force. Thus, anunderlying objective of Art. 116 is to provide a framework …” „… better reflect ‘the relationship of fisheries management to theprimary objective of conservation’.3212 …” „… concept have met with limited success.44 In the MV Saiga (No 2) CaseITLOS confirmed that the objective of …”

Article 6. Reefs S. 60-65

„… Objective Analysis of SpecialCircumstances: Bays, Rivers, Coastal and Oceanic Archipelagos and Atolls, Law …” „… information on the origin of atolls.10 Robert D. Hodgson/Lewis M. Alexander, Towards an Objective Analysis of …” „… an Objective Analysis of Special Circumstances: Bays, Rivers, Coastal and Oceanic Archipelagos …”

Article 118. Cooperation of States in the conservation and management of living resources S. 817-830

„… and highly migratory fish stocks.16 According to Art. 118, the objective of cooperation is the …” „… objective of negotiation:‘should be the delimitation of the rights and interests of the parties, the …” „… equitable solution, but an equitable solutionderived from the applicable law.’6523 The objective of the …”

Article 46. Use of terms S. 334-352

„… […]’, accordingly, States that want to proclaim straight archipelagicbaselines must first meet the objective …” „… thedefinition should be achieved by introducing objective criteria such as limiting water to landratios and the …” „… archipelagic definition became clearerbecause the draft provisions on baselines included an objective limit …”

Article 109. Unauthorized broadcasting from the high seas S. 763-767

„… nationality); (d) any Statewhere the transmissions can be received (objective territorial jurisdiction); or (e …” „… ) ‘any Statewhere authorized radio communication is suffering interference’ (objective territorial …”

Article 139. Responsibility to ensure compliance and liability for damage S. 968-976

„… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmthat of an objective regime.26 Such regimes are possible if all States …” „… whole,not all of them are signatories to the treaty.2810 Apart from the notion of objective regimes, the …” „… ), 605, 622 et seq.27 Carlos Fernández de Casadevante Romani, Objective Regime, in: Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed …”

Article 65. Marine mammals S. 519-527

„… utilization’ ( Art. 62 (1); Art. 64 (1)), this provision establishes a limitedexception to the objective of …” „… objective to contribute through regional consulta-tion and cooperation to the conservation, rational …” „… IWC may put an emphasis on one or other objective pursued by theConvention, but cannot alter its …”

Article 244. Publication and dissemination of information and knowledge S. 1639-1643

„… pursuing the objectives ofArt. 243. These may have a global, regional or bilateral nature and cooperation …” „… appropriate chan-nels information on proposed major programmes and their objectives as well as …”

Article 252. Implied consent S. 1696-1700

„… international organization regardingthe nature or objectives of the project does not conform to the manifestly …” „… ) concerns cases where information regarding the ‘nature and objectives’( Art. 248 (a)) of the MSR project …”

Article 260. Safety zones S. 1740-1744

„… objective of ensuring the safety of the persons on board the installation. Bork et al. (note 11), 309 …” „… included in the scope of Art. 260, theyseem nonetheless in line with the objective pursued by this …”

Article 238. Right to conduct marine scientific research S. 1605-1614

„… Art. 238 nor does it clarify which activities are included. The objective toincrease knowledge is a …” „… : An EmergingObjective of the Contemporary Law of the Sea (1995), 42. For an alternative approach, see …” „… unduly differentiate between States and international organizations andraise problems as to objective …”

Article 197. Cooperation on a global or regional basis S. 1328-1333

„… to cooperate towards the achievement ofcommon objectives in the governance of ocean space such as e …” „… of marine pollution’ and its replacement withpositively-expressed objective of ‘protection and …”

Article 69. Right of land-locked States S. 543-548

„… disadvantaged State’ discussed in Art. 70, this is an objective definitionwhich can only be met based upon …” „… ) underlines the objective of Art. 69 as more of a means to address economicinequalities, rather than …”

Index S. 2553-2618

„… objectives of development and transfer ofmarine technology 268 1 et seq.– acquisition of technology 268 9bold …” „… .– least developed countries 268 17– measures to achieve the basic objectives 2691 et seq., see also …” „… Measures to achieve thebasic objectives of development and transferof marine technology– promotion 268 7 …”

Article 266. Promotion of the development and transfer of marine technology S. 1764-1774

„… preservation ofthe marine environment’, are particularly strong embodiments of the objectives of Part XIV.3 …” „… 20.02.2017 18:36:293B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmobligation with the objective of creating …” „… objective of improving the legal conditions posesconsiderable challenges. The protection of intellectual …”

Article 246. Marine scientific research in the exclusive economic zone and on the continental shelf S. 1649-1664

„… consent, namely, when the information regarding the nature andthe objectives of a project is inaccurate or …” „… to be determined in an objective manner based on theinformation provided to the coastal State …” „… communicatedpursuant to article 248 regarding the nature and objectives of the project’ is inaccurate. Theparagraph …”

Article 17. Rules, regulations and procedures of the Authority S. 2235-2250

„… areas. Areas shall be neither smaller norlarger than are necessary to satisfy this objective …” „… , regulations and procedures on a number ofspecified matters shall fully reflect certain objective criteria.’2 …” „… define theduration by a term but by the realization of the objectives of an exploration phase …”

Article 303. Archaeological and historical objects found at sea S. 1950-1961

„… : Anastasia Strati, The Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage: An Emerging Objective ofthe …” „… can be seen as implying a duty to act in good faith inpursuing a given objective and in taking into …” „… conflict between the objective toprotect the underwater cultural heritage, on the one hand, and the …”

Article 8. Reservation of areas S. 2166-2177

„… objective and can beassessed in comparable terms among applicants.135. Applicants not selected in any period …” „… made in that event? Itseems that it would have been necessary to develop further objective and …” „… exploitation of a reserved area. At that point of thenegotiations, the objective of the authors of the proposal …”

Article 9. Mouths of rivers S. 96-105

„… Objective Analysis of SpecialCircumstances, Law of the Sea Institute Occasional Paper 13 (1972); Charles C …” „… 17–18.34 Reed (note 6), 318; Robert D. Hodgson/Lewis M. Alexander, Towards an Objective Analysis of …” „… . Hodgson/Lewis M. Alexander, Towards an ObjectiveAnalysis of Special Circumstances, Law of the Sea Institute …”

Article 149. Archaeological and historical objects S. 1052-1058

„… somethingclose to the objective for which the regime of common heritage of mankind was established.3The subject …” „… broader sense, as covering cultural objects in general, inconformity with the objective of preserving all …”

Article 64. Highly migratory species S. 513-519

„… conservation and promoting the objective ofoptimum utilization of such species throughout the region, both …” „… […] with a view to ensuring conservation and promotingthe objective of optimum utilization’7 Art. 64 …”

Article 59. Basis for the resolution of conflicts regarding the attribution of rights and jurisdiction in the exclusive economic zone S. 458-464

„… . 59 is dedicated to the ultimate objective of the Convention to settle inter-Statedisputes peacefully …” „… objectives, beresolved by means of domestic law. Usage of the term ‘conflict’ in Art. 59 suggests that …”

Article 183. Exemption from taxes and customs duties S. 1246-1248

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9I. Purpose and Function1 In order to accomplish the objectives of the International Seabed …”

Article 179. Immunity from search and any form of seizure S. 1238-1240

„… InternationalSeabed Authority (ISA) property and assets. The objective is not only to allow the normalperformance of …”

Article 182. Privileges and immunities of certain persons connected with the Authority S. 1244-1246

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9I. Purpose and Function1 In order to accomplish the objectives of the International Seabed …”

Article 151. Production policies S. 1066-1074

„… . (a) Without prejudice to the objectives set forth in article 150 and for the purpose ofimplementing …” „… embodied in Art. 150 UNCLOS.Two objectives were identified. On the one hand, it was sought to foster the …”

Article 258. Deployment and use S. 1731-1738

„… consent by the coastalState should therefore normally be granted if the research aims at the objectives …” „… the objective pursued by the research. In31 Robin R. Churchill/Alan V. Lowe, The Law of the Sea (1999 …”

Article 120. Marine mammals S. 850-858

„… implementation of the program must be reasonable in relation the statedscientific objectives.35 Factors relevant …” „… unreasonable in achieving its overall stated objectives.3716 Foreshadowing the possibility of an end to the …”

Article 174. Borrowing power of the Authority S. 1224-1226

„… its goals and objectives.52. Implementation5Borrowing capacity is not inherent to the personality of …”

Article 178. Immunity from legal process S. 1236-1238

„… InternationalSeabed Authority (ISA) property and assets. The objective is not only to allow the normalperformance of …”

Article 143. Marine scientific research S. 989-1002

„… mmthe objectives of MSR as provided for in the Convention (cf. Art. 246 (3)).25 MSR thereforeincludes …” „… contracts for exploration in the Area.99 The objective of the Fund is‘to promote and encourage the conduct …” „… long-term objective of financial gain which means that some results ofresearch are never published. To argue …”

Article 261. Non-interference with shipping routes S. 1744-1746

„… included in the scope of Art. 260, theyseem nonetheless in line with the objective pursued by this …”

Preamble S. 1-17

„… sufficiently substantive as tocover the essential objectives and at the same time avoid controversial issues …” „… . The preamble wouldhave to refer to the genesis of the Conference and its principle [sic] objectives …” „… out in a manner consistent with thegeneral principles and objectives of this Convention’ ( Art. 237 (2 …”

Article 10. Bays S. 105-119

„… . Hodgson/Lewis M. Alexander, Towards an ObjectiveAnalysis of Special Circumstances, Law of the Sea Institute …” „… travaux préparatoires of UNCLOS Iindicate that such an objective test of a bay was an additional …” „… . Alexander, Towards an Objective Analysis of Special Circumstances, Law of the Sea InstituteOccasional Paper …”

Article 66. Anadromous stocks S. 527-536

„… treaty recognizes ‘the desirability in most cases of reducing intercep-tions’, although this objective …” „… objective is to promote the conservation of anadromous stocks in thewaters of the North Pacific Ocean and …”

Article 200. Studies, research programmes and exchange of information and data S. 1341-1344

„… environment means that pollution may have widespread impactsand affect a number of States.2 The objective …”

Article 12. Operations S. 2304-2307

„… evenconclude that the objective of Art. 11 (3) is to ‘kick-start’ the operations of the Enterprise.16In terms …”

Article 47. Archipelagic baselines S. 352-374

„… establishing objective criteria,46 See Prescott (note 5), 39, who further states that archipelagic baselines …” „… intended to gauge the reasonableness ofthe unitised enclosure58; and in an objective way, so as to indicate …” „… objective test, quiteapart from the ambiguity of reference to drying reefs on the perimeter of such a …”

Article 219. Measures relating to seaworthiness of vessels to avoid pollution S. 1496-1505

„… ‘administrative measures toprevent the vessel from sailing’. The objective to ensure that a substandard vessel …” „… control.37 Although these administrative agreements betweenmaritime authorities serve a broader objective …”

Article 19. Meaning of innocent passage S. 186-196

„… proposal intended to provide amore objective means of determining what acts are prejudicial to the peace …” „… in this way.3. Is Article 19 (2) Exhaustive?12Undoubtedly, Art. 19 (2) provides a more objective …”

Annex I: Highly migratory species S. 2049-2067

„… international organizationswith a view to ensuring conservation and promoting the objective of optimum …” „… that its objective ‘is to ensure the long-term conservation and sustainable useof the fish stocks …” „… way. Thus each treaty refersto ‘fishery resources’ in its objective and then defines the term ‘fishery …”

Article 5. Normal baseline S. 45-60

„… considered an objective ‘scientific’ criterion for the defini-tion but settled on the low-water mark …” „… that the ‘divergencies’ betweencharted line and objective line would be appreciable only in the context …” „… that the possibility ofchallenge if the charted line departs appreciably from a certain objective …”

Article 239. Promotion of marine scientific research S. 1614-1617

„… organizations andraise problems as to objective criteria for evaluating the appropriate qualification.673 …”

Article 251. General criteria and guidelines S. 1693-1696

„… regardingthe nature or objectives of the project does not conform to the manifestly evident facts; or(c) it …”

Article 302. Disclosure of information S. 1947-1950

„… Heritage: An Emerging Objective ofthe Contemporary Law of the Sea (1995); Patrick O’Keefe, Shipwrecked …”

Article 142. Rights and legitimate interests of coastal States S. 986-989

„… objective basis;11 in the case of Art. 142, the test prescribes thebalancing of the interests of coastal …”

Article 227. Non-discrimination with respect to foreign vessels S. 1544-1547

„… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmrequires ‘objective evidence […] that a violation has been committed …”

Article 292. Prompt release of vessels and crews S. 1881-1893

„… declared that: “Theassessment of the relevant factors must be an objective one, taking into account all …” „… about illegal, unregulated and unreportedfishing and appreciates the objectives behind the measures …”

Article 223. Measures to facilitate proceedings S. 1527-1531

„… principles and objectives of theConvention.1110Measures to facilitate the hearing of witnesses and the …”

Article 11. Finances S. 2300-2304

„… evenconclude that the objective of Art. 11 (3) is to ‘kick-start’ the operations of the Enterprise.16In terms …”

Article 177. Privileges and immunities S. 1232-1236

„… exclusively designed to enable the ISA to fulfil its objectives and purposes.12 ISA privileges and immunities …”

Article 67. Catadromous species S. 536-540

„… established by the Statute.10In this light, it would appear that the objective of ‘rational management’ in Art …”

Article 127. Customs duties, taxes and other charges S. 916-920

„… allows transit States to levy dues ontraffic in transit with the only objective of defraying expenses of …”

Article 210. Pollution by dumping S. 1407-1419

„… environment’(paragraph 1), provided that such obligations are ‘consistent with the general principles and objectives …” „… tothe objective of UNCLOS, harmonizing the international protection standard, because States, dependent …”

Article 56. Rights, jurisdiction and duties of the coastal State in the exclusive economic zone S. 418-437

„… objective is thus to create a general but at thesame time ‘permanent legal arrangement for balancing the …” „… clearly that of negotiation’, whose ‘objective should be the delimitation of the rightsand interests of …” „… practice.76 Marine spatial planning constitutes a tool whose objective itis to avoid conflicts between …”

Article 25. Rights of protection of the coastal State S. 222-226

„… (IMO). As its Secretariat has pointed out:‘it appears clear that the required publicity objective will …”

Article 97. Penal jurisdiction in matters of collision or any other incident of navigation S. 721-725

„… jurisdiction of the flag State (by analogy with the objective territorial principle).3 Thedecision ‘produced …”

Article 198. Notification of imminent or actual damage S. 1333-1338

„… ‘constitutean appropriate means’ for achieving the objective of sustainable water resource manage-ment.8 The …”

Article 145. Protection of the marine environment S. 1007-1028

„… Convention’s preamble enshrines the objective of the Convention to promote,inter alia, ‘the study, protection …” „… being measured by factual and objective standards.’, ILC, Draft Articles on Prevention ofTransboundary …” „… rules, regulations and procedures. Art. 17 (2) stipulates ‘objective criteria’ thatshould be fully …”

Article 211. Pollution from vessels S. 1419-1443

„… objective ofenhancing preventive action. Routeing systems, which include traffic separation schemes,traffic …” „… States.This second sentence is tied to the objective of harmonizing policies contemplated in Art. 194(1 …” „… accordance with Art. 25 (2), the objective of cl. 4 is to ensure thatpreventive port State measures do not …”

Article 298. Optional exceptions to applicability of section 2 S. 1918-1932

„… completelywithout a conservation objective’, in consonance with the Convention’s preamble whichincluded this in its …” „… objective at which this phrase is aimed is that of achieving congruence between thedisputes regarding the …”

Article 18. Meaning of passage S. 181-186

„… of UNCLOS by the UK.16 Secondly,Art. 18 (2) adds a reference to the objective of rendering assistance …”

Article 235. Responsibility and liability S. 1585-1591

„… objective of assuring prompt and adequate compensation in respect of alldamage caused by pollution of the …”

Article 281. Procedure where no settlement has been reached by the parties S. 1820-1825

„… the application of the Convention unlessparties to a dispute have agreed otherwise. If the objective …”

Article 282. Obligations under general, regional or bilateral agreements S. 1825-1830

„… interpreting such provisions, the different contexts, objectives, subsequentpractice of parties and travaux …”

Article 24. Duties of the coastal State S. 217-222

„… (IMO). As its Secretariat has pointed out:‘it appears clear that the required publicity objective will …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1774Article 268. Basic objectives …” „… .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1778Article 269. Measures to achieve the basic objectives …” „… ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1796Article 274. Objectives of the Authority …”

Article 140. Benefit of mankind S. 976-982

„… ’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11I. Purpose and Function1Art. 140 introduces basic objectives for the usage regime of the Area and …”

Article 148. Participation of developing States in activities in the Area S. 1046-1052

„… heritage of mankind.24 Art. 148 stressesthe basic objectives for the regime of the Area and provides for …”

Article 242. Promotion of international cooperation S. 1630-1636

„… fieldaddressed by the Convention. In the light of the objective of Art. 242 (1), which is topromote MSR through …”

Article 254. Rights of neighbouring land-locked and geographically disadvantaged States S. 1707-1713

„… jurisdiction.28 It would seem that such an objective assessment would not affectthe interests of the coastal …”

Article 288. Jurisdiction S. 1857-1863

„… consistent with the objective of avoiding that partiessubmit by agreement matters going beyond the kind of …”

Article 300. Good faith and abuse of rights S. 1937-1943

„… mustconsider whether the principle should be regarded as being objective or subjective in nature.Following the …”

Article 240. General principles for the conduct of marine scientific research S. 1617-1624

„… suggests that the term implies some recognition ofmethods and means in relation to the research objective …”

Article 18. Penalties S. 2250-2257

„… inequitable or make it impracticable or impossible toachieve the objectives set out in the contract or in Part …”

Article 1. Institution of proceedings S. 2491-2498

„… had been applied in a non-discriminatory manner.Indeed, a clear and objective understanding of the …”

Article 133. Use of terms S. 936-943

„… resources in areas beyond nationaljurisdiction. These principles include the paramount objective …”

Article 205. Publication of reports S. 1364-1369

„… anddissemination through appropriate channels information on proposed major programmes and their objectivesas well …”

Article 167. The staff of the Authority S. 1191-1198

„… ofdifference. First, paragraph 1 referred to ‘the objective and functions’ of the Authorityinstead of the …”

Article 213. Enforcement with respect to pollution from land-based sources S. 1451-1458

„… , the selection ofmanagement objectives for priority problems and management strategies, and the …”

Article 220. Enforcement by coastal States S. 1505-1512

„… of the case justify such inspection.6. Where there is clear objective evidence that a vessel …”

Article 226. Investigation of foreign vessels S. 1537-1544

„… XII.3d from 20.02.2017 18:29:593B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmrequires ‘objective evidence …”

Article 63. Stocks occurring within the exclusive economic zones of two or more coastal States or both within the exclusive economic zone and in an area beyond and adjacent to it S. 506-513

„… objective ofoptimum utilization of such species throughout the region, both within and beyond theexclusive …”

Article 111. Right of hot pursuit S. 772-779

„… it is not a subjective good faith determination and may be subject to objective review).21 Poulantzas …”

Article 137. Legal status of the Area and its resources S. 957-964

„… (eds.),Völkerrecht (6th edn. 2013), 351–438; Carlos Fernández de Casadevante Romani, Objective Regime, in …”

Article 7. Straight baselines S. 65-84

„… ), 381–383; Robert D. Hodgson/Lewis M. Alexander,Towards an Objective Analysis of Special Circumstances: Bays …” „… , Towards an Objective Analysis of Special Circumstances: Bays,Rivers, Coastal and Oceanic Archipelagos and …”

Article 193. Sovereign right of States to exploit their natural resources S. 1287-1295

„… fundamental objectives of international law pulling in opposing direc-tions have to be harmonized: States have …”

Article 204. Monitoring of the risks or effects of pollution S. 1356-1364

„… . Whereas environmental protection used to be single-objective oriented in nature (e. g. the prohibition of …”

Article 310. Declarations and Statements S. 2001-2009

„… words of Nelson (note 25), ‘there is in truth no objective test’, 776.Part XVII. Final provisionsArt …”

Article 27. Criminal jurisdiction on board a foreign ship S. 229-237

„… objective standard in legal doctrine to determine when jurisdiction to enforce isexercisable under Art. 27 …”

Article 136. Common heritage of mankind S. 949-957

„… from 20.02.2017 18:16:113B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmcontext is rather an objective than a …”

Article 234. Ice-covered areas S. 1566-1585

„… the ecological balance.The general objective of the provision is to ‘balance the interests of the …” „… environment by natural or juridical persons under their jurisdiction.3. With the objective of assuring prompt …”

Article 15. Delimitation of the territorial sea between States with opposite or adjacent coasts S. 149-167

„… equidistance/special circumstances rule offers ‘abalance between an objective element that promotes certainty …” „… , agreement, based on an objective geometric test.75 This expedient is expresslyprovided for in some States …”

Article 74. Delimitation of the exclusive economic zone between States with opposite or adjacent coasts S. 563-583

„… equidistance is the only objective method for ensuringpredictability of results in the sense that once the base …” „… . Equidistance can provide an objective criterion for testing theequitableness of a delimitation line taking …”

Article 206. Assessment of potential effects of activities S. 1369-1378

„… requirementof likely harm,28 because it similarly provides for an objective determination;29 in any caseStates …”

Article 5. Declarations, notifications and communications S. 2532-2540

„… helps clarify the rights and duties of all parties to UNCLOS. In other words,the objective of this …”

Article 309. Reservations and exceptions S. 1992-2001

„… characteristics of a reservation’.57 In the words of Nelson (note 1), 776, ‘there is in truth no objective test …”

Article 11. Ports S. 119-128

„… , who points out that the law of the sea treaties do not give ‘specific objective guidance’ in these …”

Article 16. Charts and lists of geographical coordinates S. 167-176

„… limits of the territorial sea, see infra, note28; furthermore, the reference to the ‘objective’ of such …”

Article 192. General obligation S. 1277-1287

„… principles set forth in UNCLOS ( Art. 237 (1)).9The detailed implementation of the primary objective of the …”

Article 247. Marine scientific research projects undertaken by or under the auspices of international organizations S. 1664-1673

„… nature and objectives of the project;(b) the method and means to be used, including name, tonnage, type …”

Article 311. Relation to other conventions and international agreements S. 2009-2019

„… incompatible with the effective execution of oneof the Convention’s main objectives.16 As is also the case with …”

Article 79. Submarine cables and pipelines on the continental shelf S. 618-628

„… Telegraph Cables.6 Its main objective was torequire States to adopt national laws for the protection of …”

Article 162. Powers and functions S. 1157-1169

„… views expressed by the Assembly’.9325 Benefit-sharing is one objective of the Authority; the other side …”

Article 249. Duty to comply with certain conditions S. 1679-1690

„… in charge of reporting to provide a ‘brief description of scientific objective’ and an‘update on …”

Article 4. Qualifications of applicants S. 2135-2147

„… ) subject to possible assessment by the Authority from objective qualifica-tions (e. g. undertaking of …”

Article 28. Default S. 2412-2422

„… apply regardless ofwhether a party fails to appear or otherwise defend its case on objective or other …”

Article 53. Right of archipelagic sea lanes passage S. 393-404

„… , NORDQUIST et al. argue that this must be so, otherwise the objective of safe navigationwould be frustrated …”

Article 217. Enforcement by flag States S. 1474-1487

„… their flag. Some of this Convention’s objectives andrules are identical with those of the UNCLOS.2 As to …”

Article 297. Limitations on applicability of section 2 S. 1906-1918

„… conservation objective’, in consonance with the Convention’s preamble whichincluded this in its fourth …”

Article 305. Signature S. 1968-1979

„… atundermining the Convention or defeating its objectives or purposes’.36 See Dermott J. Devine, Le caractère …”

Article 16. Exclusive right to explore and exploit S. 2224-2235

„… the solution of thedispute is clearly that of negotiation. Its objective should be the delimitation of …”

Article 8. Internal waters S. 84-96

„… . 1999); Robert D. Hodgson/Lewis M. Alexander, Towards an Objective Analysis of SpecialCircumstances, Law …”

Article 58. Rights and duties of other States in the exclusive economic zone S. 444-458

„… navigation.Provided that the main objective of the surveying is really to enhance maritime safety andnot to, say …”

Article 60. Artificial islands, installations and structures in the exclusive economic zone S. 464-480

„… pertinent rights of the coastal State in a restrictivemanner as only covering economic objectives, and it …”

Article 121. Regime of islands S. 858-881

„… . ‘cannot’35 The use of the word ‘cannot’ implies a concept of objective capacity or capability.118 …”

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Thomas M. J. Möllers

Legal Methods

Series: Beck International

Volume 2021

Results in this title

II. Subjective versus objective theory S. 225-234

„… ) Present intent – objective theory (ch. 6 mn. 69) Purpose of the norm is ambiguous (ch. 5 mn. 166 ff …” „… versus objective theory 1. The dispute as a long-running issue in legal methodology 60Some time ago …” „… concept of objective theory is branded as an ‘interpretative strategy of nebulisation’ (interpretative …”

V. Examination sequence and ranking of argumentation concepts as building blocks of a metamethodology S. 519-531

„… argumentation framework’ and seeks to combine legal objectives, interpretation objectives and inter- 220 See …” „… objective theory (for the dispute, see chapter 6 mn. 60 ff.). In some cases, attempts are made to describe …” „… decision or preconception in order to legitimise a result that is perceived as fair; an objective steering …”

IV. Historical interpretation S. 151-161

„… of the historical legislature may be ignored – here one speaks of objective interpretation or theory …” „… ) Preamble and objectives as legally immanent materials 158If materials for genetic interpretation can …” „… of ‘this’ and not of ‘the following’ Basic Law.351 159Just like the preamble, the objectives …”

III. Balancing European fundamental rights and freedoms S. 357-363

„… court does not evaluate political objectives convincingly;169 the decision has rightly been …” „… proportionality 1. Legitimate objective 2. Suitability: appropriate means to reach objective 3. Necessity: no …” „… milder, equally effective remedy 4. Appropriateness of impairment and objective III. Balancing European …”

I. The purpose of the law as teleological interpretation S. 163-171

„… whether objective or subjective theory applies (chapter 6 section II). Thus it is also decisive for the …” „… also known in France,10 2 Greek: τέλος, télos = objective, sense, or purpose. 3 To the following Morlok …” „… general scheme and wording of the relevant provision.20 In primary law, the values and objectives …”

I. The different functions of the Constitution S. 374-384

„… .............................................. 2 1. Fundamental rights and the Basic Law as an objective set of values 3 2. The effect of …” „… rights, property rights and participation rights.1 In addition, they have an objective legal content,2 …” „… . Fundamental rights and the Basic Law as an objective set of values a) Rights of defence against the state 3 …”

VI. Fifth step: Limits to competences S. 471-486

„… certainty as objectives of legal methodology 472 84bb) In order to push politics back out of the courtroom …” „… discretion both with regard to the selection of its regulatory objectives and with regard to their …” „… implementation in order to achieve them. Therefore, interference of case law in considerations of objectives and …”

I. The uncertain boundaries of permissible development of the law S. 449-455

„… . PART 5 Peace under the law and legal certainty as objectives of legal methodology Chapter 13 Limits to …” „… and the change in life circumstances reflected in the law (objective interpretation …” „… chapter 14 in the context of an overview. Part 5. Peace under the law and legal certainty as objectives of …”

II. First step: traditional arguments S. 455-461

„… certainty as objectives of legal methodology 456 of the kind discussed here, but rather remains subject to …” „… , § 3. 63 On the objective theory, see chapter 6 mn. 69 ff. Part 5. Peace under the law and legal …” „… certainty as objectives of legal methodology 458 of a multitrack nature of liability law.64 In the fowl pest …”

V. Summary of chapter 5 S. 207-208

„… . Subjective versus objective theory............................................................... 60 1. The …” „… ......................................................................................... 63 3. Objective theory …” „… .......................................................................................... 69 4. The subjective-objective theory as a unified theory ........................... 77 5 …”

IV. Sources of legal methodology S. 513-519

„… certainty as objectives of legal methodology 514 71With such catch-all offences, the prohibition of analogy …” „… , p. 65. Part 5. Peace under the law and legal certainty as objectives of legal methodology 516 …” „… dispute between subjective and objective theory (chapter 6 mn. 60 ff.) and with regard to the limits of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… ................................................................................................ .............. 154 b) Preamble and objectives as legally immanent materials …” „… ................................................................................................ ............................. 221 e) Objective theory …” „… . Subjective versus objective theory …”

I. Teleological counter concepts to formal arguments S. 209-225

„… . Subjective versus objective theory............................................................... 60 1. The …” „… ......................................................................................... 63 3. Objective theory …” „… .......................................................................................... 69 4. The subjective-objective theory as a unified theory ........................... 77 5 …”

Index S. 569-586

„… 35 – the objective of chapter 8 26 – under European law chapter 8 50 f. Case hermeneutics see …” „… legislature – normative chapter 6 45 – objective chapter 6 69 ff. see Objective theory – subjective chapter 6 …” „… – subjective-objective see Subjective-objective theory Intent of the parties chapter 9 29 f. Intentional alcohol-supply …”

III. Second step: A glimpse of the legal consequences S. 461-467

„… Lebensverhältnisse (changed life circumstances), there is a danger of misusing the supposedly objective …” „… legal certainty as objectives of legal methodology 462 51Further examples can be found on this issue …” „… objectives of legal methodology 464 for the development of the law.89 The question would then be whether the …”

III. Legal creativity and legal thinking S. 503-513

„… fundamental rights as defensive rights as part of an objective set of values that give the entire legal system …” „… legal certainty as objectives of legal methodology 504 basis of the transaction,105 or the recognition …” „… the Federal Constitutional Court – with its understanding of fundamental rights as an objective order …”

IV. Third step: The Constitution as higher-ranking law S. 467-470

„… understanding fundamental rights as an objective order of values, the doctrine of the duty to protect and the …” „… Critical on development of fundamental rights as an objective value system Böckenförde, Staat, Verfassung …” „… 5. Peace under the law and legal certainty as objectives of legal methodology 468 development of the …”

VII. Balancing and weighting of various arguments in the context of development of the law S. 486-488

„… the law and legal certainty as objectives of legal methodology 486 117The limits of permissible …” „… unclear; objective intent applies d) Purpose of the norm, changed values evidenced in legal order 2 …” „… . Part 5. Peace under the law and legal certainty as objectives of legal methodology 488 …”

VI. Teleological counter concepts and simple forms of legal development S. 540-541

„… . Peace under the law and legal certainty as objectives of legal methodology 540 declaration of P in the …” „… objective nature and the nature of its use.31 A generalised declaration of an object as a dangerous tool …” „… formed requires that there be a risk of infringement arising from the interplay between the objective …”

VII. Substantiation of the law by the legislature, the administration and the courts S. 541-542

„… virtue of its objective nature and the nature of its use.31 A generalised declaration of an object as a …” „… objective nature of the subject matter and the way in which it is used.32 26In the concrete case, the …” „… ff. Part 5. Peace under the law and legal certainty as objectives of legal methodology 542 …”

II. Balancing of fundamental rights S. 348-357

„… recognised examination structure of fundamental rights is explained below. 1. The objective scope of …” „… . Fundamental rights, however, also represent an objective order of values, which is why the interference is …” „… reference to the purpose.150 However, the legislature’s objective will usually be legitimate. It would only …”

II. Extension of legal methodology by case hermeneutics S. 491-503

„… can be applied. Accordingly, statutory law and case law are the legal sources from which the objective …” „… objectives of legal methodology 492 these into the decision norm (Entscheidungsnorm) (decision formula …” „… are made against the objective theory (chapter 6 mn. 73 ff.), namely that one moves too far away from …”

I. Balancing in public law S. 338-348

„… ................................................................. 26 1. The objective scope of protection of fundamental rights.................. 27 2. Interference …” „… cases, however, the criticism goes beyond its objective. There are areas where the Federal …” „… abstractly. This is partly disputed, because all fundamental rights, common property and state objectives are …”

I. Law and sources of law S. 41-48

„… also natural law (hyper-positive law), legal principles, and unwritten law. This objective law is …” „… individual is entitled to demand from another person for an act or omission. Objective law thus has a serving …” „… clarified.6 It describes manifestations in which objective law can be found: all legal provisions of the …”

III. Secondary law: regulations, directives, recommendations S. 416-437

„… . 60).59 Transposition can only be omitted if existing national law already fully pursues the objectives of …” „… as possible in such a way as to achieve the objectives of the directive. This obligation covers all …” „… indicated by the independent reason for its validity, the independent objective and the independent effect …”

III. The hierarchy of law in Germany today, including European law S. 55-67

„… 1 of the TFEU, the secondary legislative act must explicitly define the objectives, content, scope …” „… inconvenience may in principle be tolerated provided that the objective pursued is essentially the public and …” „… Treaties to attain the objectives set out therein. Competences not conferred upon the Union in the Treaties …”

XIII. Limits to development of the law S. 547-550

„… historical intent of that time86 can perhaps be invalidated with the objective interpretation, because the …” „… as objectives of legal methodology 548 51‘It cannot be accepted as a legal result that compensation …” „… , 604 – Root overhang. Part 5. Peace under the law and legal certainty as objectives of legal …”

VI. Summary of chapter 14 S. 531-533

„… . topoi; judicial creativity; development of the law to replace the law or correct the law; objective …” „… emerge. Part 5. Peace under the law and legal certainty as objectives of legal methodology 532 VII. The …”

VI. Summary of chapter 12 S. 444-447

„… certainty as objectives of legal methodology Chapter 13 Limits to development of the law Bibliography: Bruns …” „… and the change in life circumstances reflected in the law (objective interpretation …”

IX. Legal doctrine and general legal principles S. 543-544

„… public interest objective as a justification. Nor is the essential content violated because the data are …” „… . – Retention of data. Part 5. Peace under the law and legal certainty as objectives of legal methodology 544 …”

X. Balancing as substantiation S. 544-545

„… recognised the requirement of effective prosecution as a public interest objective as a justification. Nor is …” „… objectives of legal methodology 544 XI. The Constitution as higher-ranking law 38Survivor’s pension for life …”

I. The Bewegliche System (flexible system) S. 290-297

„… content, motive and purpose, broken down into objective and subjective moments’.29 17 Establishing a …” „… overall assessment taking into account all circumstances characterising the contract, namely the objective …” „… 50/04, BGHZ 168, 168 mn. 15. 43 Alternatively, it suffices that an objective third party may expect the …”

III. Systematic interpretation S. 137-151

„… controversial element is whether there needs to be a declaratory awareness. 98 (2) In accordance with objective …” „… . Essentially, the objective or explanatory theory is based systematically on a comparison of the lack of …” „… case, the objective facts of the case are identical, so that aspects of the protection of legitimate …”

I. The path to a modern methodology S. 490-491

„… ) are just assertions and the objective interpretation of the respective subjective opinion of the legal …” „… objectives of legal methodology 490 judicial creativity that cannot be adequately explained. Conversely …”

III. Impact-oriented interpretation S. 178-196

„… refused to understand law only as a value-neutral science.223 Instead, the objectives of the legislature …” „… sufficient to determine the objective view of the public – it uses survey research.228 93 Fireworks: When a …” „… politician’s objectives’; idem, Allgemeine Staatslehre, 3rd ed. 1914, p. 338; see also Radbruch, Grundzüge der …”

V. Telos, logic and impact-oriented interpretation S. 538-540

„… legal certainty as objectives of legal methodology 538 conjunction with Section 6(1) of the Product …” „… . 2016, § 41 mn. 150. Part 5. Peace under the law and legal certainty as objectives of legal methodology …”

XII. The primacy of European law and international law S. 545-547

„… mn. 59), that objective would be undermined if the objection were allowed that the repair would be …” „… certainty as objectives of legal methodology 546 conflicting case law is thus repealed by the legislature.75 …”

Appendix. Selected figures of argumentation S. 551-557

„… (chapter 1 mn. 26 f., chapter 4 mn. 67 ff.) Obiter dictum see Binding nature of precedent Objective theory …” „… Objective theory Thesis (chapter 1 mn. 82 ff.) Third party effect of fundamental rights (chapter 10 mn. 17 …”

V. Natural law S. 71-75

„… with Plato, who affirmed objective values that apply independently of the actual conditions in the …” „… supralegal or objective law or principles of law. In contrast to natural law, these have formed historically …”

III. The structuring of several attribution criteria of different case groups S. 300-305

„… reprehensibility of the behaviour demanded by this can result from the objective pursued, the means employed, the …” „… particular reprehensibility of the conduct must result from the objective pursued, the means employed, the …”

IV. Interpretation in conformity with the Constitution S. 390-395

„… fundamental objective (BVerfGE 86, 288 [320]). The interpretation must not lead to the legislative objective …”

V. Summary of chapter 6 S. 257-259

„… objective theory by focussing first on the intent of the legislature, which must then be corrected. In a …”

IV. The economic analysis of law S. 196-207

„… considerations. The Basic Law promotes legal paternalism as an objective order of values, thus there are …” „… included efficient design as a regulatory objective in the applicable law.326 134 In capital markets law …” „… .327 The functionality of the capital markets is one of the objectives of each capital market law. This …”

VIII. Summary of chapter 13 S. 488-489

„… and legal certainty as objectives of legal methodology 488 Im Auslegen seid frisch und munter; legt …”

V. Summary of chapter 10 S. 372-373

„… .............................................. 2 1. Fundamental rights and the Basic Law as an objective set of values 3 2. The effect of …”

VI. Summary of chapter 9 S. 336-337

„… ................................................................. 26 1. The objective scope of protection of fundamental rights.................. 27 2. Interference …”

III. Legal methodology as a theory of argumentation S. 21-33

„… ) and interpretation or construction objectives (Interpretations- oder Auslegungsziel). The construction …” „… rule is only a means to an end, namely to research the construction objective. The construction …” „… objective is aimed at the purpose of the norm.196 This will have to be addressed in the context of …”

II. Sources of law S. 535-536

„… 5. Peace under the law and legal certainty as objectives of legal methodology 536 …”

V. Fourth step: Higher-ranking European law and international law S. 470-471

„… . Part 5. Peace under the law and legal certainty as objectives of legal methodology 470 the law are …”

VII. The value of judicial methodology – a final word S. 533-535

„… , Gerüchte vom Recht, 2015, p. 201, 225. Part 5. Peace under the law and legal certainty as objectives of …”

XIV. A modern legal methodology S. 550-551

„… , 604 – Root overhang. Part 5. Peace under the law and legal certainty as objectives of legal …”

III. Secondary sources of law and sources of legal knowledge S. 536-537

„… ff. – Collision of skiers. Part 5. Peace under the law and legal certainty as objectives of legal …”

IV. Wording, systematics and history as traditional methods of interpretation S. 537-538

„… ; to this Zimmer, JZ 1993, 396, 399. Part 5. Peace under the law and legal certainty as objectives of …”

VIII. The Bewegliche System, case groups and case group comparison as substantiation methods S. 542-543

„… , 822 ff. Part 5. Peace under the law and legal certainty as objectives of legal methodology 542 IX …”

II. The importance of case law in the determination of law S. 84-92

„… 67 of the Codex Justinianus.68 Such a development usually requires an objective element and a …” „… objective of fair and lawful decisions must take precedence over matters of protection of legitimate …”

I. General legal principles and legal doctrine S. 307-315

„… legal doctrine 1. The use of legal doctrine for legal methodology a) Elements, objectives and concepts …” „… law are based on which values. It has three objectives: Firstly, it focuses on collecting and viewing …”

IV. Balancing conflicting legal principles in private law S. 363-372

„… liable to the third party.239 Instead of the hypothetical contractual intent, objective criteria are …” „… objective principle of equivalence (Äquivalenzprinzip) does not apply. The Civil Code deliberately decided …”

V. Development of the law in conformity with the Constitution S. 395-404

„… and referred with its objective theory to the current understanding of the norm.148 The jurisdiction …” „… objective and subjective interpretation (chapter 6 mn. 60 ff.); in the Soraya case, the Federal …”

IV. The difficult search for telos S. 254-257

„… disadvantages of subjective and objective theory by focussing first on the intent of the legislature, which must …”

I. Interpretation and subsumption S. 110-121

„… between the subjective and objective intention of the legislature. 54 Mayer, in: Grabitz/Hilf/Nettesheim …” „… account be taken not only of its wording and the objectives it pursues, but also its context and the …”

II. Case groups to substantiate general clauses S. 297-300

„… general clauses 1. Case groups a) The objective of a case group 26General clauses and indefinite legal …”

III. Ordinary forms of development of the law S. 234-254

„… to the purpose of the provision, however, only objects which – according to their objective nature …” „… partnership contracts, supra chapter 5 mn. 75 ff. 206 To the objective theory, see BVerfG, Order of 14.2.1973 …” „… of a declaration being made; in such a case there is not even an objective awareness of the elements …”

II. Using legal principles in cases: justification and construction of the legal principle S. 315-319

„… the case. The objective must be to find a rule that is immediately subsumable. The methods of …”

V. Legal principles at the European level S. 332-336

„… that the objectives at European level are not necessarily identical to those in the Member State …”

II. Primacy of application and the obligation to interpret in conformity with Union law S. 411-416

„… objectives of the directive. a) Vertical effect of directives 36 aa) After the ECJ had developed the direct …”

II. Individual logical figures of argumentation S. 171-178

„… . 395, 400 (1949/1950): ‘A statute merely declaring a rule, with no purpose or objective, is nonsense …”

I. The purpose of legal methodology S. 2-10

„… – sources of law 4 – above all – must be able to assess, analyse and criticise the law.16 The objective is …”

I. Problems: Sources of legal knowledge alongside primary sources of law? S. 77-84

„… requires an objective element and a subjective element. According to the prevailing opinion, customary law …”

IV. The right to self-determination as justification of various legal concepts S. 324-332

„… autonomously (chapter 2 mn. 71 ff.). This means that the objectives at European level are not necessarily …”

II. Legal methodology as a theory of legitimacy S. 10-21

„… legislature’93 is justified in the sense of deciding on the objective.94 The principle of 85 Dittert, in: von …”

doi.org/10.17104/9783406779305

Wolfgang Kahl, Marc-Philippe Weller - Climate Change Litigation

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Wolfgang Kahl (ed.), Marc-Philippe Weller (ed.)

Climate Change Litigation

Series: Beck International

Volume 2021

Results in this title

3. Emission reduction objectives in the constitution? S. 553-554

„… , there is consequently a discussion whether climate protection should be adopted in objective-law form …” „… , namely as its own state objective, in the Basic Law or should be explicitly supplemented in the existing …” „… state objective of environmental protection.184 But this does not seem absolutely necessary …”

2. Basic right or state objective: climate protection in the national constitutions? S. 552-553

„… mechanisms (for ex. amendments). 2. Basic right or state objective: climate protection in the national …” „… human right) to climate protection.177 In Germany, the state objective of climate protection (art. 20a …” „… GG) gives rise to the state’s objective legal duty to protect the climate, without granting a …”

II. Climate change litigation in public law S. 338-346

„… Traditionally, French public law differentiated stringently between objective litigation and subjective …” „… litigation. Objective litigation challenges the lawfulness of a law or a regulation. The classical remedy in …” „… an objective litigation is the repeal of the challenged act. By contrast, subjective litigation is a …”

I. Introduction S. 337-338

„… . Several new regulations have been enacted, setting ambitious objectives to be reached by 2030 or 2050.1 …” „… into law the objective of carbon neutrality by 2050 and sets a number of quantified objectives for the …” „… highlighted the country’s inability to achieve the objectives it sets for itself3. Secondly, the political …”

III. Other developments in the Netherlands S. 372-377

„… sets out the main objective of the Act, which is to reduce greenhouse gas emission levels by 95 % by …” „… 2050. The purpose of these two targets is to make it easier to achieve the overarching objective …” „… produced after all. 46In summary, the Act establishes one key binding objective: the 95 % emissions …”

III. Formal role of NGO’s in climate litigation against the state S. 516-525

„… Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)). 33 A claim for general enforcement of an objective norm of climate …” „… enforce objective climate law, such as upholding of climate targets, the proper calculation of inventory …” „… interests according to the prevailing understanding, but rather constitute objective law. To gain standing …”

I. Introduction S. 535-537

„… objective: climate protection in the national constitutions …” „… ?............................................................................................... 48 3. Emission reduction objectives in the constitution? ............................ 51 4. Private …” „… % by 2100. Within the EU, the objective is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40 % by 2030, compared …”

II. NGO independent access to court as exception to the rule – the German standing rules in a nutshell S. 513-516

„… subjective right asserted. Objective judicial review is foreign to German administrative procedural law. So …” „… actions aimed at an objective judicial review of defined decisions – and most recently certain plans and …” „… sense of objective judicial review.54 26However, under the UmwRG this possibility of review has two …”

4. Private enforcement S. 554-558

„… those objectives and duties that should be included as directly applicable constitutional law by dint of …” „… anchoring of concrete (static) emission reduction objectives (for ex. 2 degree or 1.5 degree goal), since a …” „… – necessary – dynamic revision and adaptation of these objectives to new, possibly unforeseen developments …”

IV. Innovations in investment law & policy related to clean energy, climate change and sustainable development S. 182-196

„… contribute to the objective of sustainable development, for the welfare of present and future generations …” „… in light of their object and purpose,132 and the States’ objectives for the CETA encompass the …” „… Objectives’. This is a carve out which permits a State to adopt, maintain, or enforce any measure that it …”

VI. Conclusion S. 530-535

„… objective: climate protection in the national constitutions …” „… ?............................................................................................... 48 3. Emission reduction objectives in the constitution? ............................ 51 4. Private …” „… % by 2100. Within the EU, the objective is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40 % by 2030, compared …”

IV. Major legal issues S. 14-17

„… by wind turbines. These cases might involve a difficult balancing of various objectives and can lead …” „… law. 66 First, the main objective of a climate claim may be to prevent, rather than seek redress for …” „… expected to adopt under similar circumstances”.50 This is an “objective” assessment criterion. It has …”

II. The perspective of economic analysis and legal functionalism S. 452-455

„… internalization of negative externalities as a guidance objective 7 Climate damages represent a negative …” „… compliance in German corporate law Habersack/Ehrl 453 the primary objective. Whether it is efficient, from …” „… management and the objectives of stock corporation law 11a) Independent management as point of departure …”

III. Nature of liability S. 433-434

„… the primary objective when Germany passed the law. The explanatory notes of the German Bundestag …” „… objective of the law that the UmweltHG entitles to preventive injunctions. However, an injunction shall not …” „… emissions, or by permit-conform or permitexceeding operation. Neither objective carelessness nor subjective …”

1. Primacy of the legislature, supplemental function of the courts S. 551-552

„… ). 2. Basic right or state objective: climate protection in the national constitutions? 48 In many …” „… climate protection.177 In Germany, the state objective of climate protection (art. 20a GG) gives rise to …” „… the state’s objective legal duty to protect the climate, without granting a subjective right. Such …”

II. International policy & treaty commitments to climate justice & investment in carbon neutral/negative sustainable development S. 169-173

„… Change (UNFCCC), including its objective, by aiming ‘to strengthen the global response to the threat of …” „… objectives.9 For instance, at the 46th session of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI), India, one of …” „… objectives of the treaty.12 At CoP21 in Paris, the States accepted that ‘the transparency framework shall …”

IV. Litigation relating to the obligation of governments and public bodies to address climate change S. 262-269

„… Hospital (CRH) maintained that the Board had erred in not considering the City’s objectives and policies …” „… come up with any planning conclusions regarding the goals and objectives associated with these …” „… objectives of Jeunesse are admirable on the socio-political level,”120 Justice Morrison found that the …”

VI. Instruments S. 58-60

„… objective of responsible environmental policy and always considered in devising the relevant instruments.77 …” „… confusing extent of variation. In particular, the grounds of liability may be objective causation (strict …” „… liability), objective causation mitigated by a permit defence or fault (including negligence). Liability may …”

II. Basic principles of the UmweltHG S. 431-433

„… idea of prevention was even the primary objective when Germany passed the law. The explanatory notes of …” „… protection. It follows from this objective of the law that the UmweltHG entitles to preventive injunctions …” „… . Neither objective carelessness nor subjective fault are prerequisites for a claim. 13Compliance with all …”

III. Climate protection and current corporate law S. 455-464

„… III. Climate protection and current corporate law 1. Corporate management and the objectives of …” „… duties”. But it is not explicitly regulated what objectives must guide the management board’s activity …” „… within the meaning of preserving natural foundations of life was declared a state objective and thus a …”

III. “Giudizio universale” (the last judgment): a high-profile case to be litigated by the first months of 2020 S. 329-333

„… objective is to involve the public in a collective action for change.23 27 The actual start of the legal …” „… intervention has been renamed the “Climate” Decree precisely because its stated objective – as the recitals at …” „… objectives. Action by all states is needed, the Court pointed out, and all states are therefore obliged to …”

Index S. 561-566

„… sharing regulation (EU law) J 9, 12–19, Y 83 et seq. Emission reduction objectives Synth. 51 et seq …” „… , 33 et seq., 39 et seq.; I 14, 24 et seq. Litigation I 36 et seq., 57 et seq. Litigational objectives …” „… liability Synth. 18 et seq. State liability regimes G 2, 5, 41 State objective Synth. 48 et seq. State-owned …”

3. Response measures to climate change S. 13-14

„… of various objectives and can lead to sensitive legal and political decisions. As with the example of …” „… ) present in other areas of law. 66 First, the main objective of a climate claim may be to prevent, rather …”

II. Notion – environmental liability – what does it mean and what is the purpose in the context of a liability regime? S. 151-152

„… objective to cover the costs for response action to environmental harm as well as the costs for damage …” „… inflicted through the environment to property or health. It may further have the objective to constitute a …”

II. The Paris Agreement and the legal nature of its provisions S. 200-208

„… soon as possible. They also aim to undertake rapid reductions thereafter, with the objective of …” „… measures, with the aim of achieving the objectives of their NDCs. While they are arguably obliged to act …” „… sentence) to achieve the objectives of their contributions. 14 No liability arises – under the Paris …”

I. Introduction S. 150-151

„… environmental liability serve two not mutually exclusive purposes. It may have for objective to cover the costs …” „… environment to property or health. It may further have the objective to constitute a disincentive that persons …”

V. Conclusion S. 269-271

„… 30 % below 2005 levels by 2030, an objective that is inconsistent with climate science and the …” „… objective of the Paris Agreement.139 In doing so, the applicants specifically argue that the rights to life …”

II. Climate change law and litigation in Brazil S. 274-279

„… principles, objectives, guidelines and instruments of the PNMC (National Policy on Climate Change) (article 1 …” „… ). The act determines, among other objectives, that there must be compatibility of economic and social …” „… differentiated responsibilities in the international sphere” (article 3)28. The PNMC objectives should be in line …”

I. Introduction S. 450-452

„… externalities as a guidance objective …” „… . Corporate management and the objectives of stock corporation law …” „… analysis and legal functionalism 1. The internalization of negative externalities as a guidance objective 7 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… ............................................... 452 1. The internalization of negative externalities as a guidance objective …” „… ............................................................................ 455 1. Corporate management and the objectives of stock corporation law …” „… ........................................ 551 2. Basic right or state objective: climate protection in the national constitutions …”

I. Introduction S. 168-169

„… Change (UNFCCC), including its objective, by aiming ‘to strengthen the global response to the threat of …” „… objectives.9 For instance, at the 46th session of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI), India, one of …”

IV. Suitability of arbitration proceedings for climate change disputes S. 105-114

„… including all UN member states. 46The Members of the Convention agreed, that the ultimate objective of this …” „… interference with the climate system, Article 2 UNFCCC. 47 To be able to fulfil this objective, parties to the …” „… resulting from these mechanisms.50 However, in fulfilling the Protocol’s objectives, together with states …”

III. Development of a regime on environmental liability: From liability for transboundary harm to genuine international environmental liability S. 152-161

„… Protocol reads: Consistent with the objectives of this Protocol for the comprehensive protection of the …” „… objective to finance costs for response actions, which are not otherwise covered.53 The liability is limited …” „… Article 235 (3) reads: With the objective of assuring prompt and adequate compensation in respect of all …”

V. Perspective climate litigation to enforce climate law S. 525-530

„… Energy Union and for climate protection.131 The objective of this Regulation is to establish a reliable …” „… climate change mitigation, in order to achieve the objectives and targets of the Energy Union up to 2030 …”

IV. Concluding observations: Necessary features of a regime on international environmental liability S. 161-166

„… convincing evidence measured by factual and objective criteria and must have a real detrimental effect on …” „… objective standards. (5) The ecological unity of the planet does not correspond to political boundaries. In …”

I. Introduction S. 509-513

„… 12. At least since 2015 and the adoption of the Paris Agreement, their main objective is to limit …” „… ). While the acquisition and management of a property must be compatible with the statutory objectives of …”

III. The law of delict S. 412-423

„… basis of the objective knowledge that is available today.39 Applying what we know about global warming …” „… foreseeable. In contrast, the prevailing opinion takes an ex-ante approach that turns on whether an objective …” „… , carbon dioxide emissions were not to be considered harmful to the environment. 55To justify the objective …”

II. Climate change disputes S. 99-100

„… treaties’ objectives. The involvement and investment from the private sector happens through contractual …”

III. The Paris Agreement in the courtroom S. 208-215

„… adaptation objective as enshrined in the treaty.81 Litigation 75 Bach, 40 Vermont Law Review 2016, 561 (581 …” „… ’ politically easy statements about rights and objectives must be backed up by concrete, and sometimes …”

3. The role of the legislature and the judiciary S. 538-539

„… climate change have been issued by national courts. The possible litigational objectives are manifold …”

4. Duties of protection S. 539-540

„… courts. The possible litigational objectives are manifold. Actions can aim, first, to force the …”

4. Australia S. 544-545

„… government voluntarily changed the emission objectives afterwards, so that politically, the action was …”

5. United Kingdom S. 545-546

„… changed the emission objectives afterwards, so that politically, the action was ultimately successful.114 …”

I. Introduction S. 98-99

„… in fulfilling the treaties’ objectives. The involvement and investment from the private sector …”

I. Introduction S. 82-83

„… measures combating climate change as one of the objectives of the Union policy on the environment …”

II. Constitutional foundations S. 83-85

„… climate change as one of the objectives of the Union policy on the environment. Otherwise constitutional …”

IV. Functions S. 51-54

„… more directly link the PPP to the objective of environmental protection.43 Moreover, it would …”

II. Climate law and governance in Canada S. 255-258

„… to achieve its emissions reductions objectives under Kyoto, these policies mainly aimed to provide …”

III. Legal nature S. 48-51

„… to individuals. For instance under EU law, depending on the wording and objective of a directive that …”

I. Introduction S. 272-274

„… way, remains clear, especially as it is described in the objective 13 of the UN Agenda 2030 for …”

IV. Criminal prosecution of climate activism: an emerging area of climate litigation S. 319-322

„… the 1.5°C objective that was fought for by activists in Paris. Litigation is enmeshed in this wider …”

IV. Evaluation: the legitimate functions of courts in climate protection S. 76-80

„… advance far-reaching climate protection objectives, might overstep the boundaries of the law and enter …”

III. Litigation relating to the authority of the federal government to address climate change S. 258-262

„… attempt to pursue an unconstitutional objective.45 15Finally, the Court viewed Syncrude’s allegation that …”

III. Emerging avenues for climate change litigation S. 299-303

„… , the director or officer. 46This incorporates both objective and subjective elements, so a duty of care …”

II. Regulatory and planning framework on climate change in Italy S. 325-329

„… delineates the main 2030 objectives as follows: – a 33 % reduction of GHG emissions in non-ETS sectors …”

V. Contents and limits S. 54-58

„… spatial protective approach such as the Alps Convention56 and the Carpathians Convention57. The objective …”

III. Contextualization: factors influencing the role of courts S. 72-76

„… advance far-reaching climate protection objectives, might overstep the boundaries of the law and enter …”

III. Arbitration proceedings S. 100-105

„… https://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/arbitration/NY-conv/New-York-Convention-E.pdf. 14 Cf http://www.newyorkconvention.org/list+of+contracting+states. 15 Cf The “Objectives” and Art …”

IV. Climate litigation in Brazil: analyses of cases S. 281-286

„… must respond to its expectations, in the sense of keeping in mind the objective of meeting the needs …”

1. Addressing the causes of climate change S. 7-12

„… with their human rights obligations, and to realize the objectives of the Paris Agreement, they must …”

IV. International jurisdiction of national courts S. 387-392

„… ECLI:EU:C:1988:459, mn. 16, with reference to the treaty’s systematics and objectives. 66 Cf most recently …”

III. Key frameworks: ‘sustainability’, ‘environmental justice’ – and ‘ecological justice’ S. 26-33

„… language of achieving objectives instead of the language of negative avoidance. ‘Sustainable development …”

IV. The legal problems of positive obligations S. 88-95

„… these general or collective interests based on the objectives formulated in its by-laws. The court of …”

II. The Urgenda case S. 365-372

„… Climate Change (UNFCCC). The objective of that convention is to keep the concentration of greenhouse gases …”

II. Climate change through the environmental impact assessment process S. 290-299

„… , the director or officer. 46This incorporates both objective and subjective elements, so a duty of care …”

III. Litigating the transition to a low carbon society: clean energy, airports, and fracking S. 311-319

„… placed importance on the Paris Agreement and the 1.5°C objective that was fought for by activists in …”

III. Climate change litigation guiding investment risk assessment & decision-making S. 173-182

„… the exercise of powers in the present case did not constitute any departure from the objectives set …”

IV. Choice of Law S. 138-149

„… conflict-of-law rule in matters of product liability should meet the objectives of fairly spreading the risks …”

III. Climate change litigation in private law S. 346-363

„… varies from country to country. However, one of the current objectives is to move from soft law to hard …”

doi.org/10.17104/9783406779237

Ulrich Koester - Foundations of Agricultural Market Analysis and Agricultural Policy

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Ulrich Koester

Foundations of Agricultural Market Analysis and Agricultural Policy

2020

Results in this title

Chapter 6: Objectives of Agricultural Policies and Actors S. 426

„… References426 Chapter 6: Objectives of Agricultural Policies and Actors Behrens, R. and H. de Haen …” „… Birthday. Frankfurt a. M. 2014. pp. 13–35. Winters, L.A., The ’So-Called Non-Economic Objectives‘ of …”

Chapter 6: Policy makers and objectives of the EU agricultural policy S. 221-240

„… Chapter 6: Policy makers and objectives of the EU agricultural policy Some reasons why …” „… perspective of a rational policy design. Such a policy includes a set of policy objectives and policy …” „… instruments which are focused on the agricultural sector, aimed at achieving specific set of objectives at …”

Index S. 435-440

„… community preference 381 comparative costs 336 compatibility of objectives 222 compensation payments 316 …” „… competition between the objectives 222 complementarity between the objectives 222 condorcet paradox 161 …” „… confidence good 17 conflict of objectives 222 consensus-finding costs 162 constraints on policy makers …”

Chapter 3: The Supply of Agricultural Products S. 75-104

„… very different objectives, objective restrictions and preferences, so that clearly predicting their …” „… good 1 T = state of the art Z = objective V = behavior patterns. 15 In economics, one also speaks of …” „… . Chapter 3: The Supply of Agricultural Products76 3.2 The Concept of the Supply Curve in the Objective of …”

Chapter 10: Epilog S. 409-418

„… policy objectives with respect to climate, biodiversity and environment, along with the importance of …” „… the agricultural sector’s contributions to these objectives. 3. Political pressure and economic …” „… and the increased importance of other policy objectives; it also has to overcome a specific rule …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… in the achievement of specific agricultural policy objectives. Comparing free agricultural market …” „… developments and policy objectives confirms market failure. The existence of actual or perceived market …” „… Concept of the Supply Curve in the Objective of Profit Maximization …”

Chapter 9: Basic principles of the EU agricultural market organizations, development and perspectives S. 367-408

„… unity follows from the objective of integrating economies. Intra-Community division of labor requires an …” „… Member States benefit from achieving the objective food security and that the achievement of objective …” „… government activity to achieve the food security objective. Before accession to the Community, the supply …”

Chapter 1: Introduction S. 1-12

„… policy. • It is aimed at achieving objectives that as a rule relate to economic circumstances and can …” „… be traced back to overall objectives. • It is based on more or less reliable assumptions about …” „… economic interdependencies that exist between objectives and means. • It is the result of political …”

Chapter 8: On the political economy of EU agricultural market policy: Why is the policy as it is? S. 331-366

„… ? Up to now, how agricultural prices are formed when a macroeconomic objective function is achieved …” „… oriented towards a given objective function and the objective’s constraints. According to this assumption …” „… hypothesis of the analysis is that all groups behave rationally. They try to maximize their objective …”

Chapter 7: Instruments of EU agricultural policy S. 241-330

„… instruments aim to achieve agricultural policy objectives. It is impossible to analyze the effects of all the …” „… recommended here, since using individual instruments does not usually only affect one objective; there may be …” „… resources may be appropriate for the following reasons: (a) Agricultural policy objectives have changed …”

Chapter 5: Agricultural markets as a policy problem S. 175-220

„… countries have food security included in the list of their agricultural policy objectives. Of course, how …” „… governments should intervene in order to achieve the objective would depend very much on the size of market …” „… well-defined objective function taking economic conditions as a given. It would follow that policies change …”

Chapter 2: Demand for Agricultural Products and Agricultural Inputs S. 13-74

„… about an individual’s objectives, can one deduce how they are likely to behave. One refers to acts of …” „… for consumer goods depends on both objective and subjective factors. A demand function that indicates …” „… economic plans to be revised; the expectations correspond to the objective conditions. Thus, the …”

Chapter 7: Instruments of Agricultural Policies S. 426-427

„… References426 Chapter 6: Objectives of Agricultural Policies and Actors Behrens, R. and H. de Haen …” „… Birthday. Frankfurt a. M. 2014. pp. 13–35. Winters, L.A., The ’So-Called Non-Economic Objectives‘ of …”

Chapter 10: Epilog S. 432-434

„… the EU-Wide Objectives. Brussels: European Parliament, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion …”

Chapter 8: Political Economy of Agricultural Policy: Why is the Policy as it is? S. 428-429

„… Objective Method: An Element in the Process of Fixing Prices within the Common Agricultural Policy …”

Chapter 4: Agricultural price formation S. 105-174

„… ) There must be an objective similarity of the goods. The goods must be regarded as fully equivalent by …” „… would fall. Such a strategy would therefore be incompatible with the objective of profit maximization …”

doi.org/10.15358/9783800663507

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